Table 1.
Participant Characteristics by Incident Heart Failure
| Overall (n = 2,865) | Heart Failure (n = 174) | No Heart Failure (n = 2,691) | P Value* | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Demographics | ||||
| Age, yr | 76.3 ± 5.5 | 78.3 ± 5.5 | 76.2 ± 5.5 | <0.0001 |
| Race, n (%) | 0.49 | |||
| White | 2,598 (90.7) | 162 (93.1) | 2,436 (90.5) | |
| Black | 97 (3.4) | 6 (3.5) | 91 (3.4) | |
| Asian | 83 (2.9) | 2 (1.2) | 81 (3.0) | |
| Hispanic | 87 (3.0) | 4 (2.3) | 83 (3.1) | |
| BMI, kg/m2 | 27.2 ± 3.8 | 27.8 ± 3.9 | 27.1 ± 3.8 | 0.01 |
| Cardiovascular risk factors, n (%) | ||||
| Coronary artery disease† | 852 (29.8) | 96 (55.2) | 756 (28.2) | <0.0001 |
| Diabetes | 380 (13.3) | 38 (21.8) | 342 (12.7) | 0.0006 |
| Hypertension | 1,799 (62.8) | 152 (87.4) | 1,647 (61.2) | <0.0001 |
| Stroke history | 108 (3.8) | 17 (9.8) | 91 (3.4) | <0.0001 |
| Heart failure | 168 (5.9) | 40 (23.0) | 128 (4.8) | <0.0001 |
| Atrial fibrillation | 290 (11.2) | 42 (27.5) | 248 (10.1) | <0.0001 |
| Tobacco use | 0.06 | |||
| Never | 1,136 (39.7) | 62 (35.6) | 1,074 (39.9) | |
| Past | 1,671 (58.3) | 112 (64.4) | 1,559 (58.0) | |
| Current | 57 (2.0) | 0 | 57 (2.1) | |
| Alcohol use | 0.33 | |||
| 0–2 | 1,699 (59.6) | 106 (61.3) | 1,593 (59.5) | |
| 3–13 | 998 (35.0) | 62 (35.8) | 936 (35) | |
| ≥14 | 153 (5.4) | 5 (2.9) | 148 (5.5) | |
| PASE score (physical activity) | 146.1 ± 71.5 | 133.9 ± 70.8 | 146.9 ± 71.5 | 0.02 |
| Sleep characteristics | ||||
| Total sleep time, min | 385.3 ± 73.6 | 380.5 ± 76.5 | 385.6 ± 73.4 | 0.38 |
| Sleep efficiency, % | 78.3 ± 11.9 | 74.8 ± 13.7 | 78.5 ± 11.7 | 0.0006 |
| WASO, min‡ | 78.0 ± 44.2 | 92.8 ± 49.5 | 77.0 ± 43.7 | <0.0001 |
| OAHI ≥15, n (%)§ | 1,251 (43.7) | 102 (58.6) | 1,149 (42.7) | <0.0001 |
| OAHI, median (IQR)§ | 12.6 (6.0–23.2) | 17.7 (9.3–30.3) | 12.3 (6.0–22.5) | <0.0001 |
| Central apnea index, median (IQR) | 0.2 (0–0.9) | 0.3 (0–1.9) | 0.2 (0–0.9) | 0.006 |
| Central apnea index ≥5, n (%) | 209 (7.3) | 24 (13.8) | 185 (6.9) | 0.0007 |
| Cheyne Stokes breathing, n (%) | 185 (6.5) | 28 (16.1) | 157 (5.8) | <0.0001 |
| Nocturnal hypoxemia, median (IQR)|| | 1.0 (0–3.4) | 1.4 (0–4.6) | 1.0 (0–3.0) | 0.002 |
Definition of abbreviations: BMI = body mass index; IQR = interquartile range; OAHI = obstructive apnea hypopnea index; PASE = Physical Activity Scale for the Elderly; WASO = wake after sleep onset.
Data presented as mean ± SD unless otherwise specified.
*
P values obtained from Student’s t test for normally distributed continuous variables, for skewed variables a Wilcoxon rank sum test, and a chi-square test for categorical variables.
†
History of coronary artery disease includes myocardial infarction, angina, bypass surgery, and angioplasty.
‡
Wake after sleep onset.
§
Obstructive apnea–hypopnea index.
||
Percent of sleep time with oxygen saturation <90%.