Table 1.

Selected Rho GTPases and regulators relevant to human cancer:

	Involvement in cancer	Reference
Rho GTPase
RhoA	Mutated in gastric carcinoma, Burkitt lymphoma, peripheral and angioimmunoblastic T-cell lymphoma	[21,143-152]
	Over-expressed in gastric carcinoma, testicular germ cell tumor, head and neck squamous cell carcinoma, bladder, colon, breast and lung cancer	[147-152]
Rac1	Mutated in melanoma, head and neck, and cutaneous squamous cell carcinoma	[153-156]
	Over-expressed in oral squamous cell carcinoma, gastric cell carcinoma, breast, lung, testicular and prostate cancer	[147,148,151,152,157,158]
Cdc42	Over-expressed in breast cancer, melanoma, head and neck squamous cell carcinoma, colorectal, non-small cell lung and testicular cancer	[148,149,151,152,159- 161]
RhoGEFs
P-Rex1	Over-expressed in metastatic prostate tumor, breast cancer, and melanoma	[162-164]
P-Rex2	Over-expressed in PTEN wild type breast cancer	[165]
ECT2	Over-expressed in lung, esophageal squamous cell carcinoma, glioblastoma, colorectal carcinoma, pancreatic, non-small cell lung cancer	[166-170]
Trio	Over-expressed in glioblastoma, breast cancer	[171,172]
	Activated in adult T-cell leukemia by alternative splicing	[173]
Vav1	Over-expressed in neuroblastoma, pancreatic carcinoma, metastatic melanoma and B-cell chronic lymphocytic leukemia	[174-177]
Vav2	Over-expressed in ovarian and breast cancer; Hyper-activated in head and neck squamous cell carcinoma	[178-180]
Vav3	Over-expressed in prostate, breast cancer and glioblastoma	[171,181]
Tiam1	Over-expressed in melanoma, breast, colon, prostate and renal cell carcinoma	[182-186]
LARG	Truncated and fusion to MLL in acute myelogenous leukemia	[49]
BCR-Abl1	Fusion protein resulted from chromosome translocation associated most CML. BCR contains a GEF and a GAP domain	[187]
DOCK1	Over-expressed in glioblastoma	[188]
RhoGAPs
DLC-1	Two missense mutations in pancreatic cancer	[189]
	Loss-of-expression or down-regulation in lung, breast, liver, colon, pancreatic, ovarian, uterine, gastric, prostate, renal cancer, lymphoma, and ALL	[52,53,190-192]
p190-B	Gene amplification and protein overexpression in hepatocellular carcinoma cells	[58]
β2- chimaerin	Down-regulated in breast cancer	[96]
BCR-Abl1	Fusion protein resulted from chromosome translocation associated with most CML. BCR contain a GEF and a GAP domain	[187]
RhoGDIs
RhoGDI1	Over-expressed in colorectal and ovarian cancers	[193,194]
	Down-regulated in brain cancer and hepatocellular carcinoma	[195-197]
	Over-expressed or down-regulated in breast cancer in different studies	[152,198]
RhoGDI2	Increased expression in pancreatic and ovarian cancer	[199,200]
	Down-regulated in bladder cancer	[201,202]
	Over-expressed or down-regulated in breast cancer in different studies	[203]