Table 1.
Sample characteristics and statistical differences between the symptomatic, remitted, non-clinical and control groups
| Characteristics | C-S (n = 18) | C-R (n = 16) | NC (n = 16) | Controls (n = 21) | Significance tests | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Gender, n | Male Female | 13 5 |
8 8 |
5 11 |
7 14 |
χ23 = 7.826, p = 0.050 (V = 0.33) C-S: male > female |
| Mean age, years (s.d.) | 42.56 (12.03) | 43.75 (11.95) | 52.5 (9.25) | 30.05 (10.32) | F3,67 = 13.35, p < 0.001 (ηp2 = 0.37)f***, i** | |
| Ethnicity, n | Whites | 7 | 11 | 14 | 15 | χ26 = 12.76, p = 0.047 (V = 0.30) |
| Non-whites | 11 | 5 | 2 | 6 | C-S: non-white > white | |
| Employment, n | Employed/in education | 4 | 7 | 15 | 17 | χ23 = 23.11, p < 0.001 (V = 0.57) NC and controls: employed > unemployed; |
| Not employed | 14 | 9 | 1 | 4 | C-S: unemployed > employed | |
| Mean time in education, years (s.d.)a | 15.12 (3.76) | 15.07 (3.73) | 22.5 (8.00) | 18.95 (7.05) | F3,64 = 5.46, p = 0.002 (ηp2 = 0.20)d**, e** | |
| Highest level of education, n | University education | 7 | 5 | 11 | 15 | χ23 = 17.31, p = 0.001 (V = 0.49) NC: university > no university |
| No university education | 11 | 11 | 5 | 6 | ||
| Mean WTAR (s.d.) | Predicted full-scale IQ | 102.33 (10.19) | 103.31 (8.25) | 109.31 (3.50) | 111 (4.74) | F3,67 = 6.69, p = 0.001 (ηp2 = 0.23)d*, g**, h* |
| Religious affiliation, n | Traditional | 15 | 7 | 7 | 5 | χ26 = 18.25, p = 0.004, (V = 0.36) |
| Other/spiritual | 1 | 2 | 2 | 1 | C-S: traditional > no affiliation | |
| None | 2 | 7 | 7 | 16 | ||
| Mean DASS-21 (s.d.) | Depression | 6.56 (4.78) | 7.25 (6.56) | 0.69 (1.08) | 1.57 (1.63) | F3,67 = 11.84, p < 0.001 (ηp2 = 0.35)i**, j***, k***, l*** |
| Anxiety | 5.72 (5.30) | 6.75 (5.94) | 0.94 (1.18) | 0.90 (1.37) | F3,67 = 10.57, p < 0.001 (ηp2 = 0.32)i**, j**, k***, l** | |
| Stress | 7.67 (6.16) | 9.31 (6.03) | 2.69 (2.09) | 3.14 (3.51) | F3,67 = 8.32, p < 0.001 (ηp2 = 0.27)i*, j*, k**, l** | |
| Parental occupation, n | Professional/intermediate | 13 | 10 | 12 | 16 | χ23 = 2.17, p = 0.54 (V = 0.18) |
| Other | 5 | 6 | 4 | 4 | ||
| Missing value | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | ||
| Children, n | Yes | 3 | 6 | 11 | 2 | χ23 = 17.24, p = 0.001 (V = 0.49) |
| No | 15 | 10 | 5 | 19 | NC: children > no children | |
| Diagnosis by ICD-10 | Schizophrenia = 14 (78%) Schizo-affective = 2 (11%) Psychosis NOS = 0 F30–F39 = 2 (11%) | Schizophrenia = 6 (37.5%) Schizo-affective = 1 (6.25%) Psychosis NOS = 1 (6.25%) F30–F39 = 8 (50%) |
– | – | Schizophrenia: C-S > C-R F30–F39: C-R > C-S | |
| Antipsychotic medication and dosages | Medicated = 17 (94.4%) None = 1 (5.6%) Typical = 5.6% Atypical = 66.7% Clozapine = 16.7% More than 1 = 11.1% Median = 50% maximum daily recommended dose (range = 17–100%)b |
Medicated = 10 (62.5%) None = 6 (37.5%) Typical = 0% Atypical = 37.5% Clozapine = 12.5% More than 1 = 0% Median = 39% maximum daily recommended dose (range = 5– 100%)c |
– | – | χ21 = 3.70, p = 0.054 (V = 0.33) On medication: C-S > C-R | |
| Mean number of admissions [median] (range) | 5.59 [4] (0–17) | 2.69 [2] (0–10) | – | – | U = 51.5, p = 0.012 (d = 0.64) | |
| Mean time since onset, years (s.d.) | 20.47 (13.15) | 19.20 (14.16) | 38.07 (15.44) | – | F2,43 = 8.02, p = 0.001 (ηp2 = 0.27)d**, e** | |
C-S, Symptomatic, C-R, remitted, NC, non-clinical; s.d., standard deviation; WTAR, Wechsler Test of Adult Reading; IQ, intelligence quotient; DASS-21, 21-item Depression Anxiety and Stress Scales; ICD, International Classification of Diseases; NOS, not otherwise specified.
a
One value was missing for C-S, and two for C-R.
b
Six participants had missing data for dosage.
c
One participant had missing data for dosage.
d
NC v. C-S.
e
NC v. C-R.
f
NC v. controls.
g
Controls v. C-S.
h
Controls v. C-R.
i
C-S v. controls.
j
C-S v. NC.
k
C-R v. controls.
l
C-R v. NC.
*
p < 0.05, ** p < 0.01, *** p < 0.001 (Tukey's least significant difference test).