Table 5.
Appraisal scores and global ratings of how striking, threatening and distressing the three experimental tasks were in symptomatic, remitted, non-clinical and control groups, and statistical comparisons (with effect sizes)
| C-S (n = 18) | C-R (n = 16) | NC (n = 16) | Controls (n = 21) | Significant group effects | C-S v. NC | C-R v. NC | NC v. controls | C-S v. C-R | C-S v. controls | C-R v. controls | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Threatening appraisals | |||||||||||
| Cards | 2.57 (2.14) | 0.96 (1.39) | 0.45 (0.75) | 0.65 (0.88) | H = 13.11, p = 0.004 | U = 214, p = 0.002 (d = 0.49) | U = 171.5, p = 0.102, (d = 0.34) | U = 156, p = 0.728, (d = 0.07) | U = 87, p = 0.050, (d = 0.39) | U = 267.5, p = 0.004 (d = 0.42) | U = 201, p = 0.323 (d = 0.20) |
| Telepath | 2.33 (1.65) | 1.33 (1.35) | 0.36 (0.56) | 0.71 (0.94) | H = 18.12, p < 0.001 | U = 234.5, p < 0.001, (d = 0.63) | U = 184, p = 0.035, (d = 0.44) | U = 138.5, p = 0.370, (d = 0.18) | U = 89, p = 0.059, (d = 0.38) | U = 283, p = 0.001, (d = 0.50) | U = 212.5, p = 0.175 (d = 0.26) |
| VASP | 2.30 (1.68) | 1.58 (1.50) | 0.49 (0.78) | 0.88 (1.27) | H = 16.95, p = 0.001 | U = 229.5, p < 0.001, (d = 0.59) | U = 192.5, p = 0.014, (d = 0.50) | U = 148.5, p = 0.554, (d = 0.12) | U = 105 p = 0.187, (d = 0.27) | U = 277, p = 0.003, (d = 0.47) | U = 232.5, p = 0.047, (d = 0.38) |
| Non-threatening appraisals | |||||||||||
| Cards | 3.94 (1.49) | 4.25 (1.53) | 4.52 (2.33) | 4.81 (1.38) | H = 3.75, p = 0.290 | – | – | – | – | – | – |
| Telepath | 4.56 (2.30) | 4.13 (1.44) | 3.92 (2.09) | 4.40 (1.38) | H = 1.07, p = 0.785 | – | – | – | – | – | – |
| VASP | 5.39 (1.53) | 4.81 (1.76) | 6.04 (1.28) | 6.10 (0.84) | H = 7.86, p = 0.049 | U = 106.5, p = 0.198, (d = 0.26) | U = 71.5, p = 0.032, (d = 0.44) | U = 140.5, p = 0.404, (d = 0.16) | U = 116.5 p = 0.347, (d = 0.19) | U = 135.5, p = 0.133, (d = 0.28) | U = 84, p = 0.018, (d = 0.56) |
| Global striking | |||||||||||
| Cards | 6.00 (3.33) | 4.88 (3.28) | 2.63 (2.66) | 4.29 (3.33) | H = 8.79, p = 0.032 | U = 224, p = 0.004, (d = 0.55) | U = 180, p = 0.051, (d = 0.41) | U = 117.5, p = 0.123, (d = 0.30) | U = 114.5 p = 0.313, (d = 0.20) | U = 242.5, p = 0.133, (d = 0.28) | U = 184.5, p = 0.617, (d = 0.10) |
| Telepath | 6.11 (2.72) | 5.25 (3.09) | 4.06 (3.12) | 3.81 (3.25) | H = 6.43, p = 0.093 | – | – | – | – | – | – |
| VASP | 5.83 (2.73) | 5.63 (2.66) | 3.63 (3.20) | 4.10 (2.15) | H = 7.02, p = 0.071 | – | – | – | – | – | – |
| Global threat | |||||||||||
| Cards | 2.56 (3.24) | 1.19 (1.52) | 0 (0) | 0.19 (0.51) | H = 19.27, p < 0.001 | U = 202.5, p = 0.005, (d = 0.41) | U = 234.5, p = 0.015, (d = 0.40) | U = 144, p = 0.476, (d = 0.21) | U = 120 p = 0.422, (d = 0.17) | U = 277, p = 0.012, (d = 0.47) | U = 192, p = 0.040, (d = 0.50) |
| Telepath | 1.56 (2.92) | 1.88 (2.42) | 0.06 (0.25) | 0.24 (0.77) | H = 10.12, p = 0.006 | U = 185, p = 0.164, (d = 0.28) | U = 187, p = 0.026, (d = 0.46) | U = 161.5, p = 0.844, (d = 0.04) | U = 165 p = 0.484, (d = 0.15) | U = 236, p = 0.192, (d = 0.25) | U = 238.5, p = 0.029, (d = 0.42) |
| VASP | 2.28 (3.16) | 3.50 (3.12) | 0.81 (1.60) | 1.24 (1.79) | H = 7.90, p = 0.048 | U = 179, p = 0.237, (d = 0.24) | U = 191, p = 0.017, (d = 0.49) | U = 141.5, p = 0.421, (d = 0.16) | U = 178.5 p = 0.237, (d = 0.24) | U = 211.5, p = 0.530, (d = 0.12) | U = 236, p = 0.037, (d = 0.40) |
| Global distress | |||||||||||
| Cards | 2.89 (3.58) | 1.56 (2.13) | 0 (0) | 0.67 (1.24) | H = 13.43, p = 0.004 | U = 216, p = 0.012, (d = 0.50) | U = 192, p = 0.015, (d = 0.50) | U = 120, p = 0.147, (d = 0.29) | U = 125 p = 0.528, (d = 0.13) | U = 248, p = 0.100, (d = 0.31) | U = 208.5, p = 0.217, (d = 0.24) |
| Telepath | 1.39 (2.03) | 1.75 (2.49) | 0.31 (1.01) | 0.38 (1.32) | H = 12.42, p = 0.018 | U = 199, p = 0.059, (d = 0.38) | U = 171.5, p = 0.102, (d = 0.34) | U = 165, p = 0.940, (d = 0.04) | U = 147.5 p = 0.905, (d = 0.02) | U = 259, p = 0.049, (d = 0.37) | U = 222, p = 0.101, (d = 0.32) |
| VASP | 2.83 (3.37) | 3.69 (3.34) | 2.83 (3.37) | 1.57 (2.20) | H = 5.89, p = 0.117 | – | – | – | – | – | – |
Data are given as mean (standard deviation).
C-S, Symptomatic; C-R, remitted; NC, non-clinical; VASP, Virtual acoustic space paradigm.