VRN2 regulation in noncore pooids differs from wheat and barley. A, Vernalization causes rapid flowering (days to heading with 6 weeks vernalization subtracted) in A. sativa, M. nutans, N. pulchra, and N. pubiflora relative to control conditions. B, Vernalization decreases leaf number at heading in A. sativa, M. nutans, and N. pulchra, but not N. pubiflora, relative to control conditions. C, As predicted, winter oat VRN2 is negatively regulated as a function of cold exposure. D, M. nutans VRN2 mRNA levels are unaffected by cold and time. E, N. pulchra VRN2 expression is negatively regulated by time in both cold and control conditions. F, N. pubiflora VRN2 expression is not significantly affected by cold or time. Thick arrows in A and B denote nonflowering individuals. Error bars in C to F show standard deviations for three biological replicates. Experimental replicates to control for chamber effects showed similar results. Asterisks above bars indicate statistically significant contrasts (*P < 0.05, **P < 0.01, and ***P < 0.001).