Table 2.

Small-molecule modulators targeting regulators of circadian clocks

Molecular target	Target activity	Compound	Circadian phenotype	Reference
ALK	Inhibitor	SB432542	Attenuated phase delay	[54]
AMPK	Activator	AICAR	Period lengthening Amplitude reducing	[49]
		Metformin	Induced circadian expression	[50, 51]
CDKs	Inhibitor	Indirubin-3'-oxime	Period shortening	[40]
		Kenpaullone	Period shortening	[40]
		Roscovitine	Period lengthening	[40]
		Puralanol A	Period lengthening	[40]
CKI	Inhibitor	IC261	Period lengthening	[40, 41]
		CKI-7	Period lengthening	[40–42]
		D4476	Period lengthening	[40–42]
		PF-670642	Period lengthening	[43, 44]
		LH846	Period lengthening	[43, 44]
		Compund1–3	Period lengthening	[46]
CK2	Inhibitor	DRB	Period lengthening	[40, 47]
		DMAT	Period lengthening	[40, 47]
ERs	Agonist	17β-estradiol	Period shortening	[57]
		PPT	Period lengthening	[42]
GSK3β	Inhibitor	Lithium	Period lengthening	[40]
		Chir99021	Period shortening	[40]
		1-azakenpaullone	Period shortening	[40]
		Indirubin	Period shortening	[40]
PPARs	Agonist	Fenofibrate	Induced circadian rhythm	[58]
		Rosiglitazone	Induced circadian expression	[59]
RARs and RXRs	Agonist	ATRA	Phase shift	[61]
		9-cis retinoic acid	Induced circadian rhythm	[61]
		13-cis retinoic acid	Induced circadian rhythm	[61]
SIRT1	Activator	SRT2183	Reduced circadian expression	[64]
		SRT1720	Reduced circadian expression	[64]
		SRTCD1023	Period lengthening Amplitude reducing	[64]
		SRTCL1015	Period lengthening Amplitude reducing	[64]
TOPI	Inhibitor	Harmine	Period lengthening	[66, 67]
		Camptothecin	Period lengthening	[65]
TOPII	Inhibitor	Etoposide	Period shortening	[40]
		Mitoxantrone	Period shortening	[40]
		Amsacrine	Period lengthening	[40]