Table 2.
Use of Alcohol and Other Substances by Study Group (N = 30)
| Substances of abuse | Alcohol (N = 14) | Control (N = 16) | p‐Value |
|---|---|---|---|
| Alcohol use in past 12 months | |||
| AUDIT (mean ± SD) | 10.1 ± 8.5 | 1.2 ± 1.0 | <0.01 |
| AUDIT ≥ 8 | 43% | 0% | <0.01 |
| Alcohol use in periconceptional period | |||
| Frequency of binge (≥4 drinks) | |||
| No binge episodes | 14% | 100% | <0.01 |
| Once/wk or less | 64% | 0% | <0.01 |
| 2 to 4 times a week | 14% | 0% | 0.21 |
| ≥5 times/wk | 7% | 0% | 0.47 |
| Alcohol use at Visit 1 | |||
| At least 1 episode of binge since LMP | 85% | 0% | <0.01 |
| At least 3 drinks in 1 week since last LMP | 15% | 0% | <0.01 |
| Alcohol use at Visit 2 | |||
| Admitted any alcohol use during the past 2 weeks | 0% | 0% | — |
| Ethanol biomarkers | |||
| GGT > 40 U/l | 7% | 0% | 0.47 |
| %dCDT > 2.0% | 29% | 0% | 0.04 |
| UEtG ≥ 25 ng/ml | 7% | 0% | 0.47 |
| UEtS ≥ 7 ng/ml | 14% | 0% | 0.21 |
| PEth‐DBS on a newborn > 8 ng/ml | 43% | 0% | 0.02 |
| Illicit drug and tobacco use | |||
| Marijuana | 7% | 19% | 0.60 |
| Cocaine/crack‐cocaine | 0% | 6% | 1.0 |
| Opioid maintenance therapy | 36% | 44% | 0.72 |
| Opioids | 14% | 12% | 1.0 |
| Benzodiazepines | 0% | 0% | — |
| Amphetamines | 0% | 0% | — |
| Tobacco | 29% | 44% | 0.47 |
AUDIT, Alcohol Use Disorders Identification Test; LMP, last menstrual period; GGT, gamma‐glutamyltranspeptidase; %dCDT, % disialotransferrin (carbohydrate deficient) from total transferrin; UEtG, urine ethyl glucuronide; UEtS, urine ethyl sulfate; PEth‐DBS, phosphatidylethanol in dried blood spot cards.
Opioid maintenance therapy: methadone and/or buprenorphine; opioids: heroin and/or prescription opioids. Visit 1: enrollment. Visit 2: labor and delivery.
p‐Values for AUDIT values were calculated using t‐tests, and those for % in each category were calculated using 2‐tailed Fisher's exact tests.