Inhibition activity of free-PenG (white), PenG-complexed to the monolayer carboxylic acids on sNPs (black), and PenG-complexed to carboxylated polymers on sNPs (hatched), as tested by disk-diffusion assays using B. cereus (A), P. aeruginosa (B), K. pneumoniae (C), P. vulgaris (D), E. aerogenes (E), S. typhimurium (F), CA-MRSA (G), HA-MRSA (H), E. coli (I), and S. aureus (J).