Table 6. Voluntariness: knew could withdraw or refuse*.
Developed country studies | Developing country studies | ||||
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Author | Country | Knew could withdraw | Author | Country | Knew could withdraw |
Joffe et al, 200149 | USA | 90%; 99% knew could refuse | Ellis et al, 201018 | Mali | 96% of adults 93% of parents |
Ellis et al, 201018 | USA | 98% | Karim et al, 199834 | South Africa | 93% of evaluation study group, 88% of sensitisation control group† |
Ravina et al, 201036 | USA | 98% felt ‘free to refuse to participate’ | Pitisuttithum et al, 199735 | Thailand | 88% knew could refuse |
Marshall et al, 200619 | USA | 97% | Moodley et al, 200527 | South Africa | 87% |
Criscione et al, 200344 | USA | 96% | Pace et al, 200528 | Thailand | 71% |
Benson et al, 198560 | USA | Depression study: 95%; 75% knew could refuse. | Marshall et al, 200619 | Nigeria | 67% |
Schizophrenia study: 83%; 75% knew could refuse | Minnies et al, 200824 | South Africa | 65% | ||
Bergenmar et al, 200837 | Sweden | 93%; 100% knew could refuse | Pace et al, 200529 | Uganda | 65%; 41% knew could refuse |
Franck et al, 200740 | UK | 91% | Kaewpoonsri et al, 200625 | Thailand | 53.1% |
Van Stuijvenberg et al, 199853 | The Netherlands | 91% | Lynöe et al, 200132 | Bangladesh | 48%: 65% knew could refuse |
Lynöe et al, 200443 | Sweden | 90% | Sarkar et al, 200921 | India | 50% |
Simon et al, 200348 | USA | 90% of majority English speakers | Ekouevi et al, 200430 | Côte d'Ivoire | 27% |
78% of minority English speakers | Joubert et al, 200331 | South Africa | 24% (but 92% said care would no longer be good if they quit) | ||
60% of minority non-English speakers | Oduro et al, 200822 | Ghana | 21% | ||
Montgomery et al, 199852 | UK | 83% | Krosin et al, 200626 | Mali | 10% |
Penman et al, 198461 | USA | 80% | |||
Riecken et al, 198262 | USA | 80%; 95% knew could refuse | |||
ACHRE, 199654 | USA | 78% | |||
Bergler et al, 198064 | USA | 77% (at start), 61% (3 months later) | |||
Harth et al, 199556 | Australia | 45% (but 32% said would not be allowed) | |||
Schats et al, 200347 | The Netherlands | 25%; 59% knew could refuse‡ |
Arranged from highest to lowest %.
However, 98% of the evaluation study group and 100% of the sensitisation control group said hospital would not allow them.
Knew participation was not obligatory.
ACHRE, Advisory Committee on Human Radiation Experiments.