Table 1. Study Sample Description and Bivariate Comparison of Sample Characteristics, Beliefs, Benefits and Barriers With Breakfast Skipping Behavior among Rural Adolescents. The BreakFAST Study. 2013-14.
| Skip breakfast | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|
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| Overall (N = 832) | 0-2 days (N = 420) | 3 days or more (N = 412) | p value | |
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| SES, N (column %) | ||||
| free/reduced | 302 (36%) | 155 (37%) | 147 (36%) | .73 |
| full priced | 529 (64%) | 265 (63%) | 264 (64%) | |
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| Race, N (column %) | ||||
| white | 558 (70%) | 277 (69%) | 281 (71%) | .60 |
| nonwhite | 236 (30%) | 122 (31%) | 114 (29%) | |
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| Grade, N (column %) | ||||
| 9 | 407 (49%) | 215 (51%) | 192 (47%) | .19 |
| 10 | 425 (51%) | 205 (49%) | 220 (53%) | |
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| Sex, N (column %) | ||||
| female | 458 (55%) | 233 (55%) | 225 (55%) | .80 |
| male | 374 (45%) | 187 (45%) | 187 (45%) | |
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| Weight categories, N (column %) | ||||
| underweight | 22 (3%) | 13 (3%) | 9 (2%) | .10 |
| normal | 508 (62%) | 269 (65%) | 239 (58%) | |
| overweight/obese | 296 (36%) | 135 (32%) | 161 (39%) | |
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| Weight categories, N (column %) | ||||
| underweight/normal | 530 (64%) | 282 (68%) | 248 (61%) | .04 |
| overweight/obese | 296 (36%) | 135 (32%) | 161 (39%) | |
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| breakfast beliefs scale | ||||
| N | 808 | 407 | 401 | <.0001 |
| Mean (SD) | 10.4 (2.5) | 11.1 (2.3) | 9.7 (2.4) | |
| Median | 11 | 11 | 10 | |
| Range | 4 – 16 | 4 – 16 | 4 – 16 | |
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| breakfast barriers scale | ||||
| N | 797 | 400 | 396 | <.0001 |
| Mean (SD) | 19.6 (3.7) | 20.6 (3.5) | 18.6 (3.6) | |
| Median | 20 | 21 | 19 | |
| Range | 9 – 30 | 10 – 30 | 9 – 29 | |
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| breakfast benefits scale | ||||
| N | 801 | 403 | 397 | .0002 |
| Mean (SD) | 19.5 (5.0) | 20.2 (4.8) | 18.9 (5.0) | |
| Median | 20 | 21 | 19 | |
| Range | 7 – 28 | 7 – 28 | 7 – 28 | |
| Belief Scale Items | Overall | Skip breakfast 0-2 days | Skip breakfast 3 days or more | p value | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Eating breakfast helps me pay attention in class | Strongly Disagree | 46 (5.7%) | 12 (2.9%) | 34 (8.5%) | <.001 |
| Disagree | 254 (31.4%) | 88 (21.6%) | 166 (41.4%) | ||
| Agree | 415 (51.4%) | 238 (58.5%) | 177 (44.1%) | ||
| Strongly agree | 93 (11.5%) | 69 (17.0%) | 24 (6.0%) | ||
| I have more energy when I eat breakfast | Strongly Disagree | 35 (4.3%) | 11 (2.7%) | 24 (6.0%) | <.001 |
| Disagree | 198 (24.5%) | 60 (14.7%) | 138 (34.4%) | ||
| Agree | 451 (55.8%) | 248 (60.9%) | 203 (50.6%) | ||
| Strongly agree | 124 (15.3%) | 88 (21.6%) | 36 (9.0%) | ||
| If I miss breakfast, I feel more tired in the morning | Strongly Disagree | 50 (6.2%) | 20 (4.9%) | 30 (7.5%) | <.001 |
| Disagree | 308 (38.1%) | 111 (27.3%) | 197 (49.1%) | ||
| Agree | 352 (43.6%) | 213 (52.3%) | 139 (34.7%) | ||
| Strongly agree | 98 (12.1%) | 63 (15.5%) | 35 (8.7%) | ||
| Eating breakfast helps me control my weight | Strongly Disagree | 94 (11.6%) | 35 (8.6%) | 59 (14.7%) | 0.001 |
| Disagree | 431 (53.3%) | 205 (50.4%) | 226 (56.4%) | ||
| Agree | 250 (30.9%) | 146 (35.9%) | 104 (25.9%) | ||
| Strongly agree | 33 (4.1%) | 21 (5.2%) | 12 (3.0%) |
| Barriers Scale Items | Overall | Skip breakfast 0-2 days | Skip breakfast 3 days or more | p value | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| I am too busy to eat school breakfast | Strongly Disagree | 100 (12.6%) | 51 (12.8%) | 49 (12.4%) | <.001 |
| Disagree | 338 (42.5%) | 211 (52.8%) | 127 (32.1%) | ||
| Agree | 261 (32.8%) | 112 (28.0%) | 149 (37.6%) | ||
| Strongly agree | 97 (12.2%) | 26 (6.5%) | 71 (17.9%) | ||
| School breakfast costs too much | Strongly Disagree | 156 (19.6%) | 71 (17.8%) | 85 (21.5%) | .208 |
| Disagree | 436 (54.8%) | 234 (58.5%) | 202 (51.0%) | ||
| Agree | 152 (19.1%) | 71 (17.8%) | 81 (20.5%) | ||
| Strongly agree | 52 (6.5%) | 24 (6.0%) | 28 (7.1%) | ||
| Eating school breakfast takes too much time | Strongly Disagree | 101 (12.7%) | 57 (14.3%) | 44 (11.1%) | <.001 |
| Disagree | 381 (47.9%) | 220 (55.0%) | 161 (40.7%) | ||
| Agree | 261 (32.8%) | 107 (26.8%) | 154 (38.9%) | ||
| Strongly agree | 53 (6.7%) | 16 (4.0%) | 37 (9.3%) | ||
| The breakfast food sold at my school tastes bad | Strongly Disagree | 43 (5.4%) | 20 (5.0%) | 23 (5.8%) | .005 |
| Disagree | 353 (44.3%) | 200 (50.0%) | 153 (38.6%) | ||
| Agree | 273 (34.3%) | 130 (32.5%) | 143 (36.1%) | ||
| Strongly agree | 127 (16.0%) | 50 (12.5%) | 77 (19.4%) | ||
| It is easy for me to get school breakfast | Strongly Disagree | 51 (6.4%) | 17 (4.3%) | 34 (8.6%) | .001 |
| Disagree | 187 (23.5%) | 84 (21.0%) | 103 (26.0%) | ||
| Agree | 477 (59.9%) | 246 (61.5%) | 231 (58.3%) | ||
| Strongly agree | 81 (10.2%) | 53 (13.3%) | 28 (7.1%) | ||
| The bus arrives too late for me to get the school breakfast | Strongly Disagree | 192 (24.1%) | 95 (23.8%) | 97 (24.5%) | .009 |
| Disagree | 425 (53.4%) | 233 (58.3%) | 192 (48.5%) | ||
| Agree | 128 (16.1%) | 49 (12.3%) | 79 (19.9%) | ||
| Strongly agree | 51 (6.4%) | 23 (5.8%) | 28 (7.1%) | ||
| I am not comfortable eating in my classroom | Strongly Disagree | 166 (20.9%) | 81 (20.3%) | 85 (21.5%) | .420 |
| Disagree | 420 (52.8%) | 222 (55.5%) | 198 (50.0%) | ||
| Agree | 167 (21.0%) | 76 (19.0%) | 91 (23.0%) | ||
| Strongly agree | 43 (5.4%) | 21 (5.3%) | 22 (5.6%) | ||
| I skip breakfast because it might cause me to gain weight | Strongly Disagree | 264 (33.2%) | 139 (34.8%) | 125 (31.6%) | <.001 |
| Disagree | 409 (51.4%) | 222 (55.5%) | 187 (47.2%) | ||
| Agree | 83 (10.4%) | 27 (6.8%) | 56 (14.1%) | ||
| Strongly agree | 40 (5.0%) | 12 (3.0%) | 28 (7.1%) | ||
| I skip breakfast because I am not hungry in the morning | Strongly Disagree | 89 (11.2%) | 68 (17.0%) | 21 (5.3%) | <.001 |
| Disagree | 262 (32.9%) | 181 (45.3%) | 81 (20.5%) | ||
| Agree | 323 (40.6%) | 124 (31.0%) | 199 (50.3%) | ||
| Strongly agree | 122 (15.3%) | 27 (6.8%) | 95 (24.0%) |
| Benefit Scale Items | Overall | Skip breakfast 0-2 days | Skip breakfast 3 days or more | p value | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| …improving your math, reading and standardized test scores | Very likely | 130 (16.3%) | 73 (18.1%) | 57 (14.4%) | .516 |
| Somewhat likely | 448 (56.0%) | 223 (55.3%) | 225 (56.7%) | ||
| Somewhat unlikely | 147 (18.4%) | 70 (17.4%) | 77 (19.4%) | ||
| Not at all likely | 75 (9.4%) | 37 (9.2%) | 38 (9.6%) | ||
| …getting along better with your peers | Very likely | 125 (15.6%) | 74 (18.4%) | 51 (12.8%) | .001 |
| Somewhat likely | 340 (42.5%) | 188 (46.7%) | 152 (38.3%) | ||
| Somewhat unlikely | 221 (27.6%) | 93 (23.1%) | 128 (32.2%) | ||
| Not at all likely | 114 (14.3%) | 48 (11.9%) | 66 (16.6%) | ||
| …reducing your absences and tardiness | Very likely | 96 (12.0%) | 59 (14.6%) | 37 (9.3%) | .010 |
| Somewhat likely | 231 (28.9%) | 125 (31.0%) | 106 (26.7%) | ||
| Somewhat unlikely | 253 (31.6%) | 125 (31.0%) | 128 (32.2%) | ||
| Not at all likely | 220 (27.5%) | 94 (23.3%) | 126 (31.7%) | ||
| …improving your memory, attention span and problem-solving ability | Very likely | 169 (21.1%) | 98 (24.3%) | 71 (17.9%) | .006 |
| Somewhat likely | 412 (51.5%) | 212 (52.6%) | 200 (50.4%) | ||
| Somewhat unlikely | 139 (17.4%) | 53 (13.2%) | 86 (21.7%) | ||
| Not at all likely | 80 (10.0%) | 40 (9.9%) | 40 (10.1%) | ||
| …getting important nutrients, vitamins and minerals | Very likely | 312 (39.0%) | 168 (41.7%) | 144 (36.3%) | .038 |
| Somewhat likely | 364 (45.5%) | 187 (46.4%) | 177 (44.6%) | ||
| Somewhat unlikely | 76 (9.5%) | 29 (7.2%) | 47 (11.8%) | ||
| Not at all likely | 48 (6.0%) | 19 (4.7%) | 29 (7.3%) | ||
| …maintaining or reaching a healthy weight | Very likely | 194 (24.3%) | 109 (27.0%) | 85 (21.4%) | .001 |
| Somewhat likely | 374 (46.8%) | 198 (49.1%) | 176 (44.3%) | ||
| Somewhat unlikely | 156 (19.5%) | 72 (17.9%) | 84 (21.2%) | ||
| Not at all likely | 76 (9.5%) | 24 (6.0%) | 52 (13.1%) | ||
| …establishing healthy habits | Very likely | 245 (30.6%) | 139 (34.5%) | 106 (26.7%) | .004 |
| Somewhat likely | 369 (46.1%) | 191 (47.4%) | 178 (44.8%) | ||
| Somewhat unlikely | 126 (15.8%) | 50 (12.4%) | 76 (19.1%) | ||
| Not at all likely | 60 (7.5%) | 23 (5.7%) | 37 (9.3%) |