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. 2016 Jan 13;9(2):53–61. doi: 10.1080/19336934.2015.1101196

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© 2015 The Author(s). Published with license by Taylor & Francis Group, LLC

This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. The moral rights of the named author(s) have been asserted.

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Figure 1. — Aminoacyl-tRNA synthetase catalyzes a 2-step aminoacylation reaction. In the first step, the aaRS activates the substrate amino acid. By consuming an ATP it forms an aa-AMP intermediate. In the second step, the aa-AMP is transferred to the acceptor end of the cognate tRNA, generating an aa-tRNA that can be delivered to ribosomes for protein synthesis. aa, amino acid; aaRS, aminoacyl-tRNA synthetase; PPi, pyrophosphate.