Table 2.
Young adult functioning across domains by childhood maltreatment status
| Maltreated |
Nonmaltreated |
||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Criterion Domain (Measures) | n | M (SD) | n | M (SD) | pa | Effect Sizeb | Adjusted pc |
| Externalizing symptoms | |||||||
| DISC-IV CD/ODD (%) | 30 | 51.6 | 96 | 40.6 | ns | 1.25 (0.83, 1.88) | ns |
| ACBL externalizing | 25 | 63.80 (9.79) | 80 | 59.40 (10.62) | .07 | 0.35 | ns |
| ASR externalizing | 29 | 60.97 (15.49) | 94 | 56.24 (11.29) | .08 | 0.45 | .02 |
| SRD total | 30 | 1.87 (2.00) | 95 | 1.72 (2.01) | ns | 0.08 | ns |
| Internalizing symptoms | |||||||
| DISC-IV dep/dys (%) | 30 | 23.3 | 96 | 19.8 | ns | 1.11 (0.68, 1.82) | ns |
| DISC-IV anxiety (%) | 31 | 51.6 | 97 | 26.8 | .01* | 1.71 (1.12, 2.59) | .02* |
| ACBL internalizing | 25 | 62.68 (10.23) | 80 | 56.39 (12.49) | .02* | 0.51 | .06 |
| ASR internalizing | 29 | 59.38 (13.47) | 94 | 53.66 (12.67) | .04* | 0.44 | .01* |
| BDI total | 30 | 15.37 (13.16) | 93 | 9.79 (8.81) | <.01* | 0.54 | <.01* |
| Substance use | |||||||
| SUQ severity | 29 | 0.21 (0.99) | 95 | 0.02 (0.91) | ns | 0.37 | ns |
| Eating disorder symptoms | |||||||
| EAT total | 28 | 58.01 (19.45) | 92 | 51.74 (16.28) | .09 | 0.37 | .01* |
| EDI bulimia | 29 | 14.46 (6.91) | 90 | 12.64 (5.11) | ns | 0.32 | .01* |
| EDI drive for thinness | 29 | 18.61 (8.89) | 90 | 17.26 (7.77) | ns | 0.17 | .08 |
| EDI body dissatisfaction | 29 | 29.55 (11.93) | 90 | 27.91 (10.65) | ns | 0.15 | .09 |
| Academic achievement | |||||||
| WIAT math | 31 | 89.13 (15.68) | 97 | 91.90 (16.24) | ns | 0.17 | ns |
| WIAT reading | 31 | 96.90 (12.66) | 97 | 97.35 (15.75) | ns | 0.03 | ns |
| Years of education | 30 | 12.23 (1.76) | 97 | 12.56 (1.15) | ns | 0.25 | ns |
| Well-being | |||||||
| Harter self-worth | 25 | 2.76 (0.70) | 90 | 3.07 (0.73) | .06 | 0.42 | .01* |
| Harter social | 25 | 2.90 (0.65) | 90 | 3.14 (0.62) | .09 | 0.39 | .08 |
| Harter scholastic | 25 | 2.64 (0.55) | 90 | 2.69 (0.67) | ns | 0.07 | ns |
| Service utilization | |||||||
| Any school services (%) | 29 | 75.9 | 97 | 61.9 | ns | 1.39 (0.87, 2.23) | ns |
| Any mental health tx (%) | 32 | 87.5 | 97 | 68.0 | .02 | 1.81 (1.03, 3.19) | <.05 |
| Any stimulant (%) | 31 | 54.8 | 96 | 53.1 | ns | 1.04 (0.69, 1.56) | ns |
| Any other med (%) | 31 | 35.5 | 96 | 25.0 | ns | 1.29 (0.83, 1.98) | ns |
| Self-harm | |||||||
| Suicide attempts (%) | 30 | 33.3 | 94 | 12.8 | .01* | 1.85 (1.14, 3.00) | .02* |
| Self-injury (%) | 30 | 50.0 | 89 | 41.6 | ns | 1.19 (0.78, 1.80) | ns |
Note: Y, Young Adult Self-Report; P, parent's report on young adult; DISC-IV, Diagnostic Interview Schedule for Children, Fourth Edition; ACBL, Adult Behavior Checklist; ASR, Adult Self-Report; SRD, Self-Report of Delinquency; BDI, Beck Depression Inventory—II; SUQ, Substance Use Questionnaire; EAT, Eating Attitudes Test; EDI, Eating Disorder Inventory—2; WIAT, Wechsler Individual Achievement Test—II; SIQ, Self-Injury Questionnaire; Mental health tx, mental health treatment; Any other med, nonstimulant psychotropic medication; DISC-IV dep/dys, DISC-IV major depressive episode/dysthymia diagnosis.
Significance: one-way ANOVA for continuous variables; Pearson chi-square statistic for categorical variables.
Effect sizes: Cohens d for continuous variables and odds ratio (95% confidence interval) for dichotomous variables, computed using unadjusted means.
Covariates: age, socioeconomic status, prenatal risk, adopted, or in foster care. For all academic achievement measures, Wave 1 full scale IQ is also included as a covariate. For all externalizing symptoms measures, Wave 1 ODD or CD is also included as a covariate. For all internalizing, well-being, and self-harm measures, Wave 1 depression/dysthymic disorder or anxiety disorder is also included as a covariate.
Significant at p < .05 after within-domain Benjamini-Hochberg false discovery rate correction.