Table 1.
General characteristics of postmenopausal women by glycemic status
| NGR | Prediabetes | Newly diagnosed diabetes | P | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| N | 711 | 778 | 121 | |
| Age (year) [min, max] | 62 (8) [55, 84] | 63 (9) [55, 89] | 64 (8) [55, 89] | <0.05 |
| Metabolic factors | ||||
| BMI (kg/m2) | 23.8 (4.1) | 24.2 (4.8) | 25.9 (4.4) | <0.01 |
| Wait circumference (cm) | 78.0 (12.0) | 80.0 (13.8) | 82.0 (13.0) | <0.01 |
| HbA1c (%) | 5.2 (0.5) | 5.6 (0.6) | 6.2 (1.1) | <0.01 |
| Fasting glucose (mmol/L) | 5.14 (0.47) | 5.90 (0.56) | 7.50 (1.18) | <0.01 |
| Fasting insulin (pmol/L) | 31.0 (19.2) | 35.0 (23.3) | 51.4 (54.5) | <0.01 |
| HOMA-IR | 1.01 (0.65) | 1.30 (0.94) | 2.45 (2.77) | <0.01 |
| LDL-cholesterol (mmol/L) | 3.06 (0.95) | 3.04 (0.96) | 3.10 (1.04) | 0.31 |
| HDL-cholesterol (mmol/L) | 1.55 (0.43) | 1.49 (0.38) | 1.43 (0.49) | <0.01 |
| Triglycerides (mmol/L) | 1.32 (0.82) | 1.40 (0.86) | 1.77 (1.36) | <0.01 |
| Systolic pressure (mmHg) | 134.0 (27.8) | 136.0 (28.0) | 147.0 (30.0) | <0.01 |
| Sex-related hormones | ||||
| Total T (nmol/L) | 0.35 (0.45) | 0.35 (0.45) | 0.35 (0.65) | 0.37 |
| E2 (pmol/L) | 36.7 (53.0) | 36.7 (52.4) | 36.7 (62.4) | 0.82 |
| FSH (IU/L) | 69.3 (32.9) | 62.4 (31.4) | 54.9 (28.4) | <0.01 |
| LH (IU/L) | 24.4 (12.8) | 22.9 (12.7) | 21.0 (13.2) | <0.01 |
| Demographics | ||||
| Illiteracy (%) | 28.4 | 29.2 | 28.6 | 0.95 |
| Current smoker (%) | 2.9 | 4.4 | 5.5 | 0.20 |
| Residence area {rural/urban (%)} | 63.0/37.0 | 81.6/18.4 | 79.3/20.7 | <0.01 |
| Economic status {low/high (%)} | 29.0/71.0 | 22.2/77.8 | 14.9/85.1 | <0.01 |
Data were summarized as median (interquartile range) for continuous variables or as number with proportion for categorical variables. Kruskal–Wallis test was used for continuous variables with skewed distribution and Pearson chi-squared test for dichotomous variables
NGR normal glucose regulation, HOMA-IR homeostasis model assessment-insulin resistance, T testosterone, E2 estradiol, BMI body mass index, FSH follicle-stimulating hormone, LH luteinizing hormone, HbA1c glycated hemoglobin, HDL high-density lipoprotein, LDL low-density lipoprotein