Table 2.

Significant associations between current vs never tobacco smoking and methylation of diabetes genes

CpG site	Chromosome	Position Hg19	Discovery			Replication			Gene
			β	SE	p value	β	SE	p value
cg23161492	15	90357202	−0.044	0.006	1.3 × 10−12	−0.045	0.006	3.4 × 10−11	ANPEP
cg26963277	11	2722407	−0.026	0.004	1.2 × 10−9	−0.034	0.004	3.3 × 10−14	KCNQ1
cg03450842	10	80834947	−0.017	0.003	3.1 × 10−8	−0.030	0.004	2.2 × 10−12	ZMIZ1
cg14024579	9	139332845	−0.022	0.004	1.1 × 10−7	−0.015	0.006	0.01	INPP5E
cg14656441	1	39500070	0.026	0.005	1.5 × 10−6	0.016	0.008	0.05	NDUFS5
cg13912027	11	72759293	0.022	0.005	2.1 × 10−6	−0.001	0.006	0.89	FCHSD2
cg00591868	19	19729048	−0.015	0.003	4.6 × 10−6	−0.003	0.005	0.51	PBX4
cg13428066	11	2677768	0.015	0.003	5.8 × 10−6	0.007	0.006	0.28	KCNQ1
cg21344746	10	80831230	0.016	0.004	6.6 × 10−6	0.001	0.005	0.82	ZMIZ1
cg16095155	6	31127863	−0.013	0.003	7.2 × 10−6	−0.007	0.004	0.12	TCF19
cg01744331	11	2722358	−0.013	0.003	8.0 × 10−6	−0.025	0.003	7.4 × 10−12	KCNQ1
cg16556677	11	2722401	−0.015	0.003	1.2 × 10−5	−0.027	0.004	3.9 × 10−10	KCNQ1

Adjusted for age, sex, BMI, Houseman-estimated white blood cell proportions and batch effects

Bonferroni-corrected threshold for significance: 0.05/3,620 = 1.4 × 10⁻⁵