Figure 2.

Timing of Cortical Neurogenesis Is Independent of Neuronal Lamination and 3D Organization

(A) Chimpanzee cerebral cortex organoids (scale bar, 200 μm). Organoids develop in vivo-like organization of VZ, with PAX6⁺/Ki67⁺ polarized (apical aPKC localization) progenitor cells within the VZ, apical mitoses (pH3⁺ cells), and IPCs at the outer margin of the VZ. Antibodies as indicated in each panel. Scale bar, 100 μm

(B) Human, chimpanzee, and macaque cortical organoids undergo sequential production of TBR1⁺ deep-layer neurons and SATB2⁺ upper-layer neurons (yellow arrowheads indicate initial SATB2⁺ neurons generated). As organoids developed for longer periods, cortical neurons migrated to form cortical plate-like structures (yellow bracket) with some separation of layers of TBR1⁺ and SATB2⁺ neurons. Scale bars, 50 μm.

(C) Scatterplots of positions of TBR1⁺ and SATB2⁺ neurons relative to the ventricular surface in human day 80, chimpanzee day 80, and macaque day 60 cortical organoids. Red lines represent median positions.