Table 7.

Mixed Regression Results: Effects of Detection With/Without Repair by Error Type and Direction.

Semantic Errors
Forward Direction					Backward Direction
Fixed Effect	Coef	SE	Z	p	Fixed Effect	Coef	SE	Z	p
Intercept	−1.15	0.16			Intercept	−1.21	0.13
Effect of Detection With/Without Repair					Effect of Detection With/Without Repair
Detected Repaired a	1.73	0.24	7.31	<.001	Detected Repaireda	0.92	0.27	3.36	<.001
Detected Not Repaired a	−0.19	0.23	−0.84	.40	Detected Not Repaireda	−0.29	0.26	−1.09	.28
Random Effect	s2				Random Effect	s2
Items	0.25				Items	0.78
Participants	0.18				Participants	0.04

Phonological Errors
Forward Direction					Backward Direction
Fixed Effect	Coef	SE	Z	p	Fixed Effect	Coef	SE	Z	p
Intercept	−0.30	0.20			Intercept	−0.60	0.19
Effect of Detection With/Without Repair					Effect of Detection With/Without Repair
Detected Repaired a	.74	0.28	2.65	.008	Detected Repaireda	0.76	0.29	2.63	.009
Detected Not Repaired a	−0.13	0.28	−0.46	.64	Detected Not Repaireda	−0.25	0.31	−0.81	.42
Random Effect	s2				Random Effect	s2
Items	0.13				Items	0.32
Participants	0.24				Participants	0.20

Fragments
Forward Direction					Backward Direction
Fixed Effect	Coef	SE	Z	p	Fixed Effect	Coef	SE	Z	p
Intercept	−0.61	0.29			Intercept	−1.11	0.37
Effect of Detection With/Without Repair					Effect of Detection With/Without Repair
Detected Repaired a	.94	0.31	3.06	.002	Detected Repaireda	1.42	0.40	3.58	<.001
Detected Not Repaired a	−0.40	0.32	−1.24	.21	Detected Not Repaireda	−0.02	0.40	−0.04	.97
Random Effect	s2				Random Effect	s2
Items	0.11				Items	0.39
Participants	0.09				Participants	0.00

Note. Excluding the intercepts, Coef=model estimation of difference in change score (in log odds) from the reference category for each fixed effect; SE=standard error of the estimate; Z=Wald Z test statistic; s²=Random effect variance.

^aReference is Not Detected condition.