Table 8.

Mixed Regression Results: Interaction of Detection With/Without Repair by Error Type and Direction.

Semantic Errors
Interaction of Direction and Detection With/Without Repair

Fixed Effect	Coef	SE	Z	p
Intercept	−1.13	0.16
Detected Repaired ^a	1.74	0.24	7.10	<.001
Detected Not Repaired ^a	−0.15	0.24	−0.64	.52
Backward ^b	0.03	0.14	0.22	.82
Detected Repaired/Backward ^c	−0.79	0.35	−2.22	.03
Detected Not Repaired/Backward ^c	−0.04	0.34	−0.11	.91
Random Effect	s²
Items	0.88
Participants	0.16

Phonological Errors
Interaction of Direction and Detection With/Without Repair
Fixed Effect	Coef	SE	Z	p
Intercept	−0.23	0.22
Detected Repaired ^a	0.87	0.30	2.84	.004
Detected Not Repaired ^a	0.11	0.31	0.36	.72
Backward ^b	−0.26	0.20	−1.29	.20
Detected Repaired/Backward ^c	−0.32	0.41	−0.77	.44
Detected Not Repaired/Backward ^c	−0.51	0.43	−1.17	.24
Random Effect	s²
Items	0.87
Participants	0.26

Fragments
Interaction of Direction and Detection With/Without Repair
Fixed Effect	Coef	SE	Z	p
Intercept	−0.62	0.32
Detected Repaired ^a	1.02	0.34	3.04	.002
Detected Not Repaired ^a	−0.42	0.35	−1.19	.23
Backward ^b	−0.47	0.48	−0.97	.33
Detected Repaired/Backward ^c	0.44	0.53	0.83	.41
Detected Not Repaired/Backward ^c	0.45	0.56	0.81	.42
Random Effect	s²
Items	0.61
Participants	0.10

Note. Excluding the intercepts, Coef=model estimation of difference in change score (in log odds) from the reference category for each fixed effect; SE=standard error of the estimate; Z=Wald Z test statistic; s²=Random effect variance.

Reference is Not Detected condition;

Reference is Forward condition;

Reference is Not Detected condition in the Forward direction.