Table 2.
Comparison of study laboratory results, vaccination coverage and vaccine effectiveness between inpatient and outpatient settings from 25 pairs of estimates.a
| Study | Age group | Influenza type/subtype | No. of positive/negative | Difference of test-positive proportion (95% CI) | No. of vac/pos | Vaccine coverage (among test-positive) | No. of vac/neg | Vaccine coverage (among test-negative) | Difference of vaccination coverage (95% CI)b | Adjusted VE (95% CI) | ΔVE (95% CI) |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Cheng et al. [12] | ≥18y | A or B | 199/398 | 10% (4%, 16%) | 57/199 | 29% | 213/398 | 54% | 30% (23%, 37%) | 32%(−9%, 57%) | −31% (−76%, 24%) |
| Levy et al.a [13] | 88/296 | 7/88 | 8% | 70/296 | 24% | 21% (13%, 29%) | 63% (12%, 84%) | ||||
| Kwonget al. [14] | 65+y | A or B | 569/1661 | −9%(−14%, −4%) | 238/569 | 42% | 934/1661 | 56% | 21% (14%, 28%) | 42% (29%, 53%) | 16% (−18%, 70%) |
| Skowronski et al. [15] | 50+y | 116/222 | 37/116 | 32% | 78/222 | 35% | 10% (1%, 19%) | 26% (−28%, 57%) | |||
| Talbot et al. [18] | ≥18y | A or B | 17/152 | −4% (−14%, 4%) | 6/17 | 35% | 97/152 | 64% | 17% (9%, 25%) | 71%(17%, 95%) | 24% (−64%, 52%) |
| Ohmit et al. [19] | 380/2235 | 122/380 | 32% | 1055/2235 | 47% | 3% (−20%, 26%) | 47% (31%, 59%) | ||||
| Talbot et al. [18] | ≥50y | A or B | 13/124 | −5%(−1%, 0%) | 5/13 | 39% | 89/124 | 72% | 10%(1%, 19%) | 77% (24%, 98%) | 28% (−87%, 61%) |
| Ohmit et al. [19] | 149/917 | 64/149 | 43% | 563/917 | 61% | −4% (−32%, 24%) | 49% (24%, 66%) | ||||
| Martinez-Baz et al. [10] | All ages | A or B | 53/133 | −32%(−40%, −24%) | 11/53 | 21% | 55/133 | 41% | 3% (−8%, 14%) | 74% (33%, 90%) | 19% (−28%, 75%) |
| Martinez-Baz et al. [10] | 317/205 | 14/317 | 4% | 78/205 | 38% | 16% (5%, 27%) | 55% (1%, 80%) | ||||
| Turner et al. [9] | All ages | A or B | 224/818 | −11%(−14%, −8%) | 82/224 | 37% | 372/818 | 46% | 28% (24%, 32%) | 52% (32%, 66%) | −4% (−28%, 21%) |
| Turner et al. [9] | 482/1013 | 44/482 | 9% | 177/1013 | 18% | 28% (21%, 35%) | 56% (34%, 70%) | ||||
| Turner et al. [9] | 6m-17y | A or B | 51/306 | −17%(−22%, −12%) | 2/51 | 4% | 40/306 | 13% | 5% (1%, 9%) | 78% (2%, 95%) | 22% (−55%, 73%) |
| Turner et al. [9] | 215/476 | 10/215 | 5% | 37/215 | 8% | −1%(−7%, 5%) | 56% (6%, 79%) | ||||
| Turner et al. [9] | 18-64y | A or B | 102/285 | −7%(−13%, −1%) | 26/102 | 26% | 145/285 | 51% | 30% (23%, 37%) | 61% (34%, 77%) | 6% (−26%, 40%) |
| Turner et al. [9] | 248/489 | 24/248 | 10% | 101/489 | 21% | 16% (7%, 25%) | 55% (24%, 73%) | ||||
| Turner et al. [9] | ≥65y | A or B | 71/227 | −5%(−17%, 7%) | 54/71 | 76% | 187/227 | 82% | 1% (−11%, 13%) | 34% (−25%, 66%) | −42% (−104%, 24%) |
| Turner et al. [9] | 19/48 | 10/19 | 53% | 39/48 | 81% | 24% (−1%, 49%) | 76% (15% 93%) | ||||
| Pierse et al. [23] | All ages | A or B | 304/735 | −12%(−16%, −8%) | 90/304 | 30% | 267/735 | 36% | 15% (10%, 20%) | 42% (16%, 60%) | −14% (−43%, 13%) |
| Pierse et al. [23] | 477/677 | 55/477 | 12% | 144/677 | 21% | 18% (12%, 24%) | 56% (35%, 70%) | ||||
| Pierse et al. [23] | 6m-17y | A or B | 84/347 | −18%(−24%, −12%) | 9/84 | 11% | 31/347 | 9% | −3% (−8%, 2%) | −30%(−212%, 46%) | −110% (−290%, −27%) |
| Pierse et al. [23] | 174/284 | 5/174 | 3% | 35/284 | 12% | 8%(1%, 15%) | 80% (48%, 93%) | ||||
| Pierse et al. [23] | 18-64y | A or B | 169/214 | −1%(−7%, 5%) | 41/169 | 24% | 95/214 | 44% | 23%(15%, 31%) | 55% (27%, 73%) | 8% (−27%, 43%) |
| Pierse et al. [23] | 285/349 | 35/285 | 12% | 74/349 | 21% | 12% (4%, 20%) | 47% (16%, 66%) | ||||
| Pierse et al. [23] | ≥65y | A or B | 51/174 | −6%(−19%, 7%) | 40/51 | 78% | 141/174 | 81% | 2% (−11%, 15%) | 21% (−82%, 66%) | 119%(−76%, 977%) |
| Pierse et al. [23] | 18/44 | 15/18 | 83% | 35/44 | 80% | −5% (−26%, 16%) | −98% (−977%, 63%) | ||||
| Cheng et al. [21] | All ages | A or B | 963/1216 | 2%(−1%, 5%) | 437/963 | 45% | 689/1216 | 57% | 30% (26%, 34%) | 41%(28%, 51%) | 18% (−6%, 47%) |
| Sullivan et al. [22] | 593/821 | 116/593 | 20% | 218/821 | 27% | 26% (22%, 30%) | 23% (−4%, 43%) | ||||
| Cheng et al. [24] | ≥18y | H1N1 | 163/398 | −2% (−9%, 5%) | 40/163 | 25% | 213/398 | 54% | 39%(31%, 47%) | 49% (13%, 70%) | −29% (−67%, 22%) |
| Fielding et al. [20] | 91/123 | 4/91 | 5% | 21/123 | 13% | 20% (12%, 28%) | 78% (29%, 93%) | ||||
| Turner et al. [9] | All ages | H1N1 | 13/818 | −1%(−2%, 0%) | 5/13 | 39% | 372/818 | 46% | 28% (24%, 32%) | 48% (−74%, 85%) | − 1% (−128%, 136%) |
| Turner et al. [9] | 30/1013 | 3/30 | 10% | 177/1013 | 18% | 29% (0%, 58%) | 49% (−90%, 86%) | ||||
| Pierse et al. [23] | All ages | H1N1 | 170/735 | −14%(−18%, −1%) | 33/170 | 19% | 267/735 | 36% | 15% (10%, 20%) | 62% (38%, 77%) | 3% (−25%, 30%) |
| Pierse et al. [23] | 324/677 | 32/324 | 10% | 144/677 | 21% | 10% (3%, 17%) | 59% (36%, 74%) | ||||
| Puig-Barberà et al. [16] | ≥18y | H3N2 | 544/1370 | −38%(−44%, −32%) | 314/544 | 58% | 855/1370 | 62% | 20% (10%, 30%) | 31% (11%, 47%) | −23% (−53%, 19%) |
| Jimenez-Jorge et al. [17] | 204/103 | 84/204 | 41% | 44/103 | 43% | 16% (8%, 24%) | 54% (13%, 75%) | ||||
| Turner et al. [9] | All ages | H3N2 | 119/818 | 2%(−1%, 5%) | 51/119 | 43% | 372/818 | 46% | 28% (24%, 32%) | 34%(−2%, 57%) | −27% (−66%, 9%) |
| Turner et al. [9] | 116/1013 | 20/116 | 17% | 177/1013 | 18% | 26%(15%, 37%) | 61% (32%, 77%) | ||||
| Pierse et al. [23] | All ages | H3N2 | 53/735 | −1%(−4%, 2%) | 27/53 | 51% | 267/735 | 36% | 15% (10%, 20%) | −34%(−174%, 35%) | −24% (−176%, 131%) |
| Pierse et al. [23] | 53/677 | 12/53 | 23% | 144/677 | 21% | 28% (10%, 46%) | − 10%(−152%, 52%) | ||||
| Turner et al. [9] | All ages | A | 163/818 | −6% (−9%, −3%) | 68/163 | 42% | 372/818 | 46% | 28% (24%, 32%) | 39% (10%, 58%) | −19% (−51%, 13%) |
| Turner et al. [9] | 290/1013 | 28/290 | 10% | 177/1013 | 18% | 32% (24%, 40%) | 58% (32%, 74%) | ||||
| Pierse et al. [23] | All ages | A | 275/735 | − 10% (−14%, −6%) | 78/275 | 28% | 267/735 | 36% | 15% (10%, 20%) | 42%(15%, 61%) | −11% (−43%, 19%) |
| Pierse et al. [23] | 396/677 | 47/396 | 12% | 144/677 | 21% | 16% (10%, 22%) | 53% (30%, 69%) | ||||
| Turner et al. [9] | All ages | B | 62/818 | −9%(−12%, −6%) | 14/62 | 23% | 372/818 | 46% | 28% (24%, 32%) | 76% (54%, 87%) | 22% (−7%, 60%) |
| Turner et al. [9] | 196/1013 | 18/196 | 8% | 177/1013 | 18% | 14% (3%, 25%) | 54% (19%, 75%) | ||||
| Martinez-Baz et al. [10] | All ages | B | 32/114 | −33%(−41%, −25%) | 5/32 | 16% | 48/114 | 42% | 32%(22%, 42%) | 87% (52%, 96%) | 31% (−9%, 90%) |
| Martinez-Baz et al. [10] | 231/194 | 11/231 | 5% | 20/194 | 10% | 11% (−2%, 24%) | 56%(−5%, 81%) | ||||
| Pierse et al. [23] | All ages | B | 29/735 | −7%(−10, −4%) | 12/29 | 41% | 267/735 | 36% | 15% (10%, 20%) | 44% (−44%, 78%) | −21%(−109%, 36%) |
| Perse et al. [23] | 81/677 | 8/81 | 10% | 144/677 | 21% | 31% (12%, 50%) | 65%(19%, 85%) |
a
Inpatient results were listed first in each pair.
b
Difference of vaccination coverage among test-negative were listed first, and among test-positive were listed second in each pair.