. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2016 May 18.

Published in final edited form as: Chem Res Toxicol. 2015 Apr 2;28(5):1007–1014. doi: 10.1021/acs.chemrestox.5b00040

Table 3.

Results from generalized estimating equations derived from marginal models; relative fold-difference^a between tobacco-use groups in concentrations of tobacco constituents in vacuum dust collected from homes in the California Childhood Leukemia Study (2002-2010).

Tobacco constituent	Crude models		Adjusted models^b
Tobacco constituent	Smokeless tobacco vs. tobacco-free	Active smokers vs. tobacco-free	Smokeless tobacco vs. tobacco-free	Active smokers vs. tobacco-free
Nicotine	31^*	27^*	41^*	33^*
Tobacco-specific nitrosamines
NNN	4.3^*	1.9^*	4.8^*	2.4^*
NNK	5.0^*	7.5^*	6.9^*	7.7^*
NNA	2.2^*	2.1^*	2.3^*	2.6^*
NAB	2.6^*	1.6	3.1^*	2.2^*
NAT	1.6	0.98	1.6^*	1.1
Minor tobacco alkaloids
Cotinine	11^*	13^*	15^*	13^*
Myosmine	5.4^*	16^*	7.2^*	16^*
N-formylnornicotine	6.6^*	14^*	9.3^*	14^*
Nicotelline	3.6^*	9.8^*	5.7^*	9.4^*
2,3'-Bipyridine	7.7^*	8.9^*	11^*	9.1^*

NNN=N′-nitrosonornicotine; NNK=4-(methylnitrosamino)-1-(3-pyridyl)-1-butanone; NNA=4-(methylnitrosamino)-4-(3-pyridyl)butanal; NAB=N′-nitrosoanabasine; NAT=N′-nitrosoanatabine

P< 0.05, based on 95% confidence intervals calculated using robust standard errors

Relative fold-difference = exp(β₁); where β₁ is the coefficient from the multivariable model, with tobacco-free homes as the referent group.

Adjusted for history of parental smoking in prior homes, household annual income, home construction date, mother’s age, and mother’s race/ethnicity.