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Band alignment between TiO2 and BiVO4. (a) Mott–Schottky plots showing that the flat band potential of BiVO4 is more negative than that of TiO2. (b) UPS spectra of TiO2 and BiVO4 with a fixed vacuum level. The valence band maximum and Fermi level of the two semiconductors are indicated. (c) Band diagram from electrochemical and spectroscopic data, confirming the type II alignment between BiVO4 and TiO2.
