Table 1.
Demographic, clinical, and functional characteristics of the patients who developed delirium during hospitalization (group D) as compared with patients who did not (group C)
| Variable | Group D n=35 | Group C n=640 | Group D vs group C |
|---|---|---|---|
|
|
|
||
| Mean ± SD or percentage | P-value | ||
| Age, years | 83.6±4.7 | 79.0±7.7 | >0.001 |
| Sex, percentage of females | 74.3 | 65.2 | 0.269 |
| Hypertension, % | 68.6 | 77.8 | 0.204 |
| Diabetes mellitus, % | 22.9 | 32.2 | 0.248 |
| Myocardial infarction in anamnesis, % | 11.4 | 11.4 | 0.788 |
| Congestive heart failure, % | 58.8 | 23.4 | 0.026 |
| Stroke in anamnesis, % | 16.7 | 12.2 | 0.917 |
| Peripheral artery disease, % | 14.3 | 5.94 | 0.049 |
| Parkinson’s disease, % | 5.71 | 5.94 | 0.754 |
| Dementia, % | 80.0 | 29.8 | >0.001 |
| Delirium in anamnesis, % | 8.57 | 1.72 | 0.031 |
| Cancer in anamnesis, % | 11.4 | 12.3 | 0.917 |
| Falls in anamnesis, % | 60.0 | 34.06 | 0.002 |
| Behavioral disorders in anamnesis, % | 34.3 | 6.25 | >0.001 |
| Pressure ulcers, % | 14.3 | 2.03 | >0.001 |
| Urinary incontinence, % | 57.1 | 40.3 | 0.049 |
| Bladder catheterization, % | 28.6 | 5.94 | >0.001 |
| Number of used medications | 5.23±2.50 | 4.88±2.54 | 0.445 |
| Body mass index, kg/m2 | 26.32±5.56 | 28.04±7.24 | 0.104 |
| Heart rate, beats per minute | 73.80±15.56 | 71.43±12.23 | 0.259 |
| Systolic blood pressure, mmHg | 134.29±25.03 | 134.63±19.21 | 0.299 |
| Diastolic blood pressure, mmHg | 75.29±8.74 | 76.77±10.06 | 0.228 |
| MMSE score | 16.80±8.38 | 23.81±7.22 | >0.001 |
| Barthel Index | 49.29±30.32 | 73.27±27.37 | >0.001 |
| Lawton IADL | 14.03±5.40 | 19.26±6.19 | >0.001 |
| Hemoglobin, mmol/L | 7.61±1.40 | 7.77±1.17 | 0.491 |
| White blood cells, G/L | 10.59±8.47 | 7.54±3.36 | 0.001 |
| Total protein, g/L | 67.1±0.77 | 71.1±0.91 | 0.002 |
| Albumin, g/L | 31.3±0.71 | 35.4±0.61 | >0.001 |
| Glucose, mmol/L | 6.02±1.82 | 6.38±2.23 | 0.227 |
| Bilirubin, µmol/L | 11.80±6.50 | 11.29±9.23 | 0.288 |
| ALAT, nmol/L/s | 307.0±266.9 | 342.7±382.0 | 0.197 |
| Creatinine, µmol/L | 99.01±54.81 | 92.82±58.34 | 0.838 |
| Estimated GFR using BIS_creatinine equation, mL/min/1.73 m2 | 57.15±21.18 | 61.75±25.12 | 0.434 |
| Thyrotropin, mIU/L | 2.22±3.41 | 2.63±6.82 | 0.733 |
| Vitamin B12, pmol/L | 305.0±206.2 | 314.4±201.8 | 0.403 |
| Total cholesterol, mmol/L | 4.23±1.17 | 4.52±1.17 | 0.480 |
| LDL-cholesterol, mmol/L | 2.40±0.80 | 2.63±0.98 | 0.450 |
| HDL-cholesterol, mmol/L | 1.29±0.52 | 1.36±0.43 | 0.730 |
| Triglycerides, mmol/L | 1.20±0.38 | 1.16±0.48 | 0.344 |
| C-reactive protein, mg/L | 47.79±70.28 | 21.40±44.63 | 0.019 |
| Sodium, mmol/L | 139.8±5.4 | 139.1±4.0 | 0.743 |
| Potassium, mmol/L | 4.05±0.55 | 4.20±0.55 | 0.228 |
| Calcium, mmol/L | 2.32±0.33 | 2.33±0.17 | 0.019 |
Abbreviations: ALAT, alanine transaminase; BIS, Berlin Initiative Study; GFR, glomerular filtration rate; SD, standard deviation; MMSE, Mini-Mental State Examination; IADL, Index of Instrumental Activities of Daily Living; LDL, low-density cholestorol; HDL, high-density cholestorol.