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. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2016 Apr 11.
Published in final edited form as: Birth Defects Res C Embryo Today. 2014 Sep 15;102(3):210–220. doi: 10.1002/bdrc.21078

Figure 1.

Figure 1

Effects of ethanol upon neural crest development. Although chick embryos are depicted, these changes have been documented in diverse vertebrate species including mouse, zebrafish, and Xenopus. The left-half of each embryo depicts normal development, and each right-half contrasts the consequences of ethanol exposure. Details of these changes are presented in the text. Purple, shh; teal, neural crest; blue, chondrogenesis; red dots, apoptosis; pink stars, ROS; teal squiggles, migrating neural crest. Cont, control; EtOH, ethanol; NC, neural crest; PCM, prechordal plate; ROS, reactive oxygen species.