Table 1.
Characteristics of participants according to cross-sectional consumption of sugar-sweetened beverages.1
| Median consumption (servings/wk) | Non-consumers 0–1 serving/mo | Consumers | p value for trend | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 serving/mo-<1 serving/wk | 1 serving/wk-<1 serving/d | ≥1 servings/d | |||
| 0 | 1 | 4 | 10 | ||
| n = 2634 | 899 | 941 | 466 | 328 | |
| Age (yr) | 52.9 (52.2, 53.5) | 51.0 (50.3, 51.6) | 50.4 (49.4, 51.3) | 48.0 (46.9, 49.2) | <0.001 |
| Women (%) | 67.6 (64.4, 70.7) | 53.4 (50.3, 56.5) | 35.4 (31.0, 39.7) | 32.9 (27.7, 38.1) | <0.001 |
| Current smoker (%) | 10.6 (8.4, 12.7) | 11.3 (9.2, 13.3) | 10.1 (7.2, 13.1) | 17.7 (14.2, 21.2) | 0.002 |
| Alcohol intake (g/d) | 7.5 (7.0, 8.1) | 8.1 (7.5, 8.6) | 7.1 (6.3, 7.8) | 5.8 (4.9, 6.8) | <0.001 |
| Multivitamin user (%) | 56.5 (53.1, 59.8) | 49.0 (45.8, 52.1) | 49.2 (44.7, 53.8) | 41.1 (35.5, 46.8) | <0.001 |
| Physical activity score | 37.0 (36.5, 37.5) | 37.6 (37.1, 38.0) | 37.2 (36.5, 37.8) | 38.9 (38.1, 39.7) | <0.001 |
| Education (%)2 | 48.2 (44.8, 51.5) | 49.9 (46.8, 53.1) | 48.9 (44.4, 53.5) | 37.2 (31.8, 42.6) | <0.001 |
| BMI (kg/m2) | 27.9 (27.6, 28.3) | 27.1 (26.7, 27.4) | 27.6 (27.1, 28.1) | 27.6 (27.0, 28.2) | 0.89 |
| Waist circumference (cm) | 97.1 (96.2, 98.0) | 94.9 (94.0, 95.7) | 96.8 (95.6, 98.1) | 96.6 (95.2, 98.1) | 0.50 |
| SAT (cm3)3 | 2985 (2893, 3076) | 2701 (2614, 2789) | 2845 (2721, 2970) | 2801 (2650, 2951) | 0.41 |
| VAT (cm3)3 | 1710 (1651, 1768) | 1655 (1599, 1710) | 1844 (1764, 1923) | 1825 (1729, 1920) | 0.002 |
| Hypertension (%) | 27.8 (25.0, 30.6) | 26.5 (23.8, 29.1) | 28.7 (24.9, 32.5) | 28.4 (23.8, 32.9) | 0.62 |
| Dyslipidemia (%) | 42.6 (39.4, 45.8) | 44.9 (41.8, 48.0) | 53.6 (49.2, 58.1) | 53.8 (48.5, 59.2) | <0.001 |
| Diabetes (%) | 8.1 (6.6, 9.6) | 4.3 (2.9, 5.8) | 3.4 (1.4, 5.5) | 4.9 (2.4, 7.3) | 0.07 |
| Impaired fasting glucose (%) | 25.7 (22.9, 28.6) | 23.0 (20.3, 25.7) | 23.1 (19.3, 27.0) | 27.6 (23.0, 32.2) | 0.32 |
| Energy intake (kcal/d) | 1779 (1741, 1818) | 1897 (1860, 1934) | 2068 (2015, 2121) | 2405 (2341, 2468) | <0.001 |
| Fat (%EI) | 32.6 (32.1, 33.0) | 31.8 (31.4, 32.2) | 31.6 (31.0, 32.2) | 30.6 (29.9, 31.3) | <0.001 |
| Carbohydrate (%EI) | 46.6 (46.1, 47.2) | 48.6 (48.1, 49.1) | 50.2 (49.4, 51.0) | 53.5 (52.6, 54.4) | <0.001 |
| Protein (%EI) | 19.6 (19.4, 19.8) | 18.2 (18.0, 18.4) | 17.3 (17.0, 17.6) | 15.6 (15.3, 15.9) | <0.001 |
| Dietary fiber (g/d)4 | 19.3 (18.9, 19.7) | 18.2 (17.8, 18.5) | 16.6 (16.2, 17.1) | 13.6 (13.1, 14.1) | <0.001 |
| Total sugar (g/d)4 | 87.0 (85.2, 88.9) | 97.2 (95.3, 99.2) | 111.8 (108.7, 115.1) | 135.0 (130.3, 139.9) | <0.001 |
| Whole grains (g/d)4 | 20.7 (19.6, 21.9) | 19.7 (18.7, 20.8) | 16.8 (15.6, 18.1) | 12.0 (10.9, 13.2) | <0.001 |
| Red meat (servings/d)4 | 0.7 (0.6, 0.7) | 0.7 (0.6, 0.7) | 0.7 (0.7, 0.8) | 0.8 (0.7, 0.8) | <0.001 |
| Fruit intake (servings/d)4 | 2.0 (1.9, 2.1) | 2.0 (1.9, 2.1) | 1.8 (1.7, 2.0) | 1.4 (1.2, 1.5) | <0.001 |
| Vegetables (servings/d)4 | 3.3 (3.2, 3.4) | 3.1 (3.0, 3.2) | 2.7 (2.6, 2.8) | 2.2 (2.1, 2.4) | <0.001 |
| Nuts (servings/d) | 1.7 (1.5, 1.9) | 1.1 (1.0, 1.3) | 0.8 (0.6, 1.1) | 0.5 (0.2, 0.7) | <0.001 |
| Diet soda (servings/wk) | 5.8 (5.2, 6.3) | 3.4 (2.9, 3.9) | 1.8 (1.1, 2.5) | 1.7 (0.8, 2.6) | <0.001 |
| DGAI5 | 9.7 (9.5, 9.9) | 9.4 (9.2, 9.5) | 8.6 (8.4, 8.9) | 8.0 (7.7, 8.3) | <0.001 |
1
Values are means and 95% CI.
2
Education level: college or above.
3
n = 2556 for VAT and SAT.
4
Geometric means and 95% CI.
5
DGAI: dietary guideline adherence index.