Table 3.
Geometric mean (95% CI) of ALT concentrations (U/L) and odds ratio (95% CI) of elevated ALT according to cross-sectional beverage consumption in 5908 adults.1,2
| Non-consumers 0-1 serving/mo | Consumers | p value for trend | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 serving/mo-<1 serving/wk | 1 serving/wk-<1 serving/d | ≥1 servings/d | |||
| Sugar-sweetened beverages | |||||
| Median consumption (servings/wk) | 0 | 1 | 4 | 10 | |
| n | 1991 | 2044 | 1036 | 837 | |
| Elevated ALT (OR) | |||||
| Model 1 | 1 (Ref) | 0.92 (0.80, 1.06) | 1.16 (0.97, 1.38) | 1.36 (1.09, 1.70) | <0.001 |
| Model 1 + BMI | 1 (Ref) | 0.93 (0.81, 1.08) | 1.14 (0.95, 1.37) | 1.30 (1.04, 1.63) | 0.002 |
| Continuous ALT (Mean) | |||||
| Model 1 | 20.9 (20.4, 21.3) | 20.4 (20.0, 20.8) | 21.3 (20.7, 21.8) | 22.1 (21.3, 22.9) | 0.001 |
| Model 1 + BMI | 20.9 (20.5, 21.4) | 20.5 (20.1, 20.9) | 21.2 (20.7, 21.8) | 21.8 (21.1, 22.6) | 0.007 |
| Diet soda | |||||
| Median consumption (servings/wk) | 0 | 1 | 4 | 14 | |
| n | 2718 | 1162 | 922 | 1106 | |
| Elevated ALT (OR) | |||||
| Model 1 | 1 (Ref) | 1.22 (1.05, 1.41) | 1.17 (1.00, 1.38) | 1.39 (1.20, 1.61) | <0.001 |
| Model 1 + BMI | 1 (Ref) | 1.12 (0.96, 1.30) | 1.03 (0.88, 1.22) | 1.10 (0.94, 1.29) | 0.39 |
| Continuous ALT (Mean) | |||||
| Model 1 | 20.4 (20.1, 20.8) | 21.2 (20.6, 21.7) | 21.3 (20.7, 21.9) | 21.7 (21.2, 22.3) | <0.001 |
| Model 1 + BMI | 20.8 (20.5, 21.2) | 21.1 (20.6, 21.7) | 21.0 (20.5, 21.6) | 21.0 (20.4, 21.5) | 0.87 |
1
Model 1 was adjusted for age, sex, energy intake, alcohol intake, dietary fiber, dietary fat (% energy), dietary protein (% energy), sugar-sweetened beverage or diet soda, smoking, and Framingham cohort.
2
Cut-off points for dichotomous ALT were 19 U/L for women and 30 U/L for men.