Table 2. Neuropsychological testing in Parkinson’s disease patients.
| Cognitive test | PD-NC | PD-MCI | PDD | p Value | Post hoc significance |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| MMSE | 28.5±1.7 | 28.4±1.3 | 23.2±2.3 | <0.001 | [D<Nc] [D<Mc] |
| Attenion and working memory | |||||
| SDMT | 37.4±7.1 | 24.3±9.1 | 24.3±16.8 | <0.001 | [M<Nc] [D<Nb] |
| TMT-A (s) | 57.8±14.3 | 71.2±19.9 | 96.7±53.8 | 0.001 | [D>Nb] |
| Executive function | |||||
| CWT-C time (s) | 69.7±13.3 | 84.7±24.3 | 122.4±37.9 | <0.001 | [M>Na] [D>Nc] [D>Mc] |
| CWT-C right | 48.5±2.2 | 44.6±6.9 | 40.3±7.0 | <0.001 | [M<Na] [D<Nc] |
| TMT-B (s) | 152.0±34.6 | 200.8±61.3 | 245.8±91.7 | <0.001 | [M>Na] [D>Nc] |
| Language | |||||
| BNT | 24.6±3.2 | 22.3±2.7 | 21.1±3.9 | 0.005 | [M<Na] [D<Na] |
| AFT | 17.1±3.5 | 16.2±3.3 | 13.3±3.1 | 0.012 | [D<Na] |
| Memory | |||||
| AVLT-delay recall | 5.9±2.7 | 3.7±2.2 | 2.4±2.0 | <0.001 | [M<Na] [D<Nb] |
| AVLT-T | 29.7±10.1 | 22.7±7.4 | 13.7±6.8 | <0.001 | [M<Na] [D<Nc] [D<Ma] |
| CFT-delay recall | 17.0±6.2 | 12.3±5.9 | 8.3±7.2 | 0.001 | [M<Na] [D<Nb] |
| Visuospatial function | |||||
| CFT | 34.3±2.1 | 30.6±5.6 | 21.7±13.4 | <0.001 | [D<Nc] [D<Mb] |
| CDT | 23.0±5.1 | 18.4±6.7 | 11.4±8.6 | <0.001 | [M<Na] [D<Nc] [D<Ma] |
PD-NC, Parkinson’s disease with no cognitive impairment; PD-MCI, Parkinson’s disease with mild cognitive impairment; PDD, Parkinson’s disease with dementia; MMSE, Mini Mental State Examination; SDMT, Symbol Digit Modality Test; TMT, Trail Making Test; CWT, Stroop Color-Word Test; BNT, Boston Naming Test; AFT, Animal Fluency Test; AVLT, Auditory Verbal Learning Test; CFT, the Rey-Osterrieth Complex Figure Test; CFT, Clock Drawing Test; N, PD-NC; M, PD-MCI; D, PDD. p Value represents the significance level of the analysis of variance performed for each test across the three groups. The data are presented as mean ± SD.
a p < 0.05
b p < 0.01
c p < 0.001