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. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2017 May 1.
Published in final edited form as: Brain Behav Immun. 2016 Jan 14;54:95–109. doi: 10.1016/j.bbi.2016.01.009

Figure 4. Immune challenge exacerbates deficits in anterograde learning that develop 30 days after TBI.

Figure 4

A) Representative time line of cognitive assessment in the Barnes maze starting 27 dpi. Mice were subjected to Sham or TBI and memory acquisition was determined over 4 training days (27–30 dpi) by B) velocity, C) time to find escape hole, and D) number of primary errors. Graphs represent the mean ±SEM (n = 19–25). Means with (*) are different from Sham controls (p<0.05) and means with (+) tend to be different from saline controls (p=0.06–0.10). Next, Sham and TBI mice received LPS or saline (0.33mg/kg) i.p. at the end of the 4th day of training (30 dpi). Memory recall was determined 72 hours after injection in the probe trial. E) Representative search paths for the probe trial. Recall was assessed by F) velocity, G) time to find escape hole, H) percent of time spent in escape quadrant, and I) number of primary errors. Bars represent the mean ±SEM (n = 8–12). Means with (*) are different from Sham-Saline controls (p<0.05) and means with (#) are different from all other treatment groups (p<0.05).