Table 1.
Sociodemographic characteristics and neuropsychological test results.
| All participants (N = 197) |
Females (n = 122) |
Males (n = 75) |
Sex effects |
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|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Measure | Max. | Range | M | SD | M | SD | M | SD | t(195) | p | d |
| Sociodemographic variables | |||||||||||
| Age (years) | 19-86 | 45.98 | 18.39 | 47.02 | 18.83 | 44.31 | 17.65 | 1.00 | 0.317 | 0.15 | |
| Educationa (years) | 7-18 | 13.41 | 2.44 | 13.24 | 2.27 | 13.66 | 2.66 | -1.11 | 0.270 | 0.17 | |
| General cognitive state | |||||||||||
| DEMTECT | 18 | 13-18 | 16.98 | 1.31 | 17.12 | 1.22 | 16.75 | 1.43 | 1.89 | 0.061 | 0.28 |
| Depression | |||||||||||
| BDI-II | 63 | 0-27 | 6.96 | 5.80 | 7.48 | 5.96 | 6.12 | 5.45 | 1.60 | 0.111 | 0.23 |
| Social desirability | |||||||||||
| SDS-17 | 17 | 0-15 | 9.22 | 3.34 | 9.46 | 3.31 | 8.84 | 3.37 | 1.27 | 0.208 | 0.19 |
| Intelligence | |||||||||||
| MWT-Bb | – | 16-99 | 72.16 | 23.16 | 71.97 | 23.16 | 72.48 | 23.31 | -0.15 | 0.881 | 0.02 |
| Emotional empathy | |||||||||||
| IRI empathic concern | 20 | 7-36 | 14.10 | 3.26 | 14.67 | 2.46 | 13.17 | 4.11 | 3.20 | 0.002 | 0.47 |
| E-Scale Emotional sensitivity | 30 | 6-49 | 19.24 | 5.40 | 20.06 | 5.51 | 17.91 | 4.97 | 2.77 | 0.006 | 0.40 |
| Emotional concern | 35 | 12-35 | 24.65 | 4.75 | 25.80 | 4.17 | 22.79 | 5.07 | 4.52 | <0.001 | 0.66 |
| Reasoning | |||||||||||
| LPS-4 raw score | 40 | 9-38 | 27.52 | 4.93 | 27.04 | 5.05 | 28.29 | 4.67 | -1.74 | 0.084 | 0.25 |
| LPS-4 normed scorec | – | 10-85 | 58.64 | 11.85 | 58.75 | 10.40 | 58.47 | 13.96 | 0.17 | 0.869 | 0.02 |
| Executive functions | |||||||||||
| MCST Correct | 48 | 14-48 | 40.86 | 6.44 | 40.04 | 6.67 | 42.19 | 5.87 | -2.37 | 0.019 | 0.34 |
| Errors | – | 0-22 | 5.82 | 4.60 | 6.42 | 4.76 | 4.85 | 4.20 | 2.41 | 0.017 | 0.34 |
| Perseverations | – | 0-12 | 1.32 | 2.38 | 1.54 | 2.62 | 0.96 | 1.90 | 1.80 | 0.073 | 0.24 |
| Key search test | 16 | 0-16 | 11.49 | 4.34 | 11.23 | 4.59 | 11.92 | 3.91 | -1.08 | 0.280 | 0.16 |
| Cognitive empathy/ToM | |||||||||||
| RMET | 36 | 6-34 | 23.36 | 5.51 | 23.45 | 4.59 | 23.20 | 4.40 | 0.38 | 0.706 | 0.06 |
| IRI perspective taking | 20 | 7-36 | 14.93 | 3.00 | 15.07 | 2.50 | 14.72 | 3.67 | 0.79 | 0.433 | 0.12 |
| E-Scale Cognitive sensitivity | 25 | 5-25 | 15.42 | 4.77 | 15.87 | 4.61 | 14.69 | 4.98 | 1.69 | 0.093 | 0.25 |
| Cognitive concern | 25 | 6-25 | 15.67 | 3.90 | 16.22 | 3.68 | 14.81 | 4.10 | 2.50 | 0.013 | 0.37 |
Order in the table does not represent the order of task application (which is reported in the procedures section); Max., possible maximum score; BDI-II, Beck Depression Inventory-II; MWT-B, Mehrfach Wortschatz Test-B (German intelligence test, see text); LPS, Leistungsprüfsystem (German intelligence test battery, see text); MCST, Modified Card Sorting Test; IRI, Interpersonal Reactivity Index; ToM, Theory of mind; RMET, Reading the Mind in the Eyes Task; SDS-17, Social Desirability Scale 17 (see text); asum of school and professional education; bnormed percentage scores; cnormed T scores.