Table 5.

The association between inflammatory proteins and persistent depressive symptoms over 5 years

Inflammatory proteins	No. of cases	Odds ratio (95 % CI)	P value
Log IL-6
Model 1	656	2.32 (1.06, 5.06)	0.035
Model 2	650	2.44 (1.09, 5.45)	0.030
Model 3	649	2.02 (0.86, 4.77)	0.107
Log ACT
Model 1	654	1.38 (0.12, 16.06)	0.80
Model 2	649	1.23 (0.09, 15.27)	0.871
Model 3	649	0.63 (0.045, 8.81)	0.729
Log CRP
Model 1	655	1.79 (1.02, 3.13)	0.043
Model 2	649	1.81 (0.99, 3.29)	0.052

The category “depressive symptoms” includes all subjects who were screened positive: CES-D ≥16 at baseline and at 5-year follow-up. Subjects on antidepressant medications were excluded from the analysis. Model 1 multinomial binary logistic regression analysis adjusted for age and gender. Model 2 as model 1 and additionally adjusted for body mass index (BMI), smoking, physical illness (including stroke, history of cardiovascular disease and diabetes) and mini-mental state examination (MMSE). Model 3 as model 2 and additionally adjusted for acute inflammation. No model 3 was created for CRP as acute inflammation was calculated as CRP > 10 mg/mL; therefore, no adjustment for acute inflammation could be done when CRP was used as a predictor

IL-6 interleukin-6, ACT α1-antichymotrypsin, CRP C-reactive protein, CI confidence interval