Figure 1. Effect of noise on detecting directed dynamical influence from an experimental data set.
For the predator-prey system of paramecium and Didinium, quantity R characterizing the detectability versus the noise amplitude σ. The time series contains L = 61 records, into which noise is intentionally injected. The results are averaged over 1000 realizations of noise. The dimension of the reconstructed phase space is Ex = Ey = 3.