FIGURE 2.

Schematic representation showing the interplay between NO, ROS, and other signaling molecules in response to abiotic stress. The signaling molecules include hormones, mitogen-activated protein kinases (MAPKs), cyclic guanosine monophosphate (cGMP), cyclic adenosine diphosphoribose (cADPR) and calcium (Ca²⁺). Besides the interaction with components of signaling pathways, NO and ROS also transmit signals via post-translational modifications in proteins [metal nitrosylation, tyrosine nitration, S-nitrosylation, and oxidative post-translational modifications (Ox-PTM)]. ROS degradation by antioxidants and NO storage (GSNO, S-nitrosoglutathione) and degradation by GSNOR (GSNO reductase) and THB (truncated hemoglobin) are demonstrated. Arrows and T-bars indicate activation and inhibition, respectively (adapted from Oz et al., 2015).