Table 1.
Paired sample t-test of clinical characteristics at baseline and follow-up (N = 40)
| Variables | Baselinea | Follow-up | Improvement | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Mean (SD) | Mean (SD) | Mean (SD) | CI 95 % | p | |
| Brief Psychiatric Rating Scale (BPRS-E)b | |||||
| Positive symptoms | 2.45 (1.13) | 1.90 (1.01) | 0.55 (1.10) | (0.20–0.90) | 0.003 |
| Negative symptoms | 2.08 (1.01) | 1.58 (0.84) | 0.50 (0.95) | (0.19–0.81) | 0.002 |
| Depression anxiety | 2.48 (1.11) | 1.89 (0.83) | 0.59 (1.37) | (0.15–1.03) | 0.010 |
| Manic hostility | 1.97 (1.07) | 1.72 (1.10) | 0.25 (0.94) | (−0.05–0.55) | 0.104 |
| BPRS mean total score | 2.23 (0.68) | 1.82 (0.80) | 0.41 (0.70) | (0.18–0.63) | 0.001 |
| Health of the Nation Rating Scales (HoNOS)b | |||||
| 1. Overactive, aggressive or agitated behavior | 1.13 (1.28) | 0.37 (0.68) | 0.76 (1.05) | (0.42–1.11) | <0.001 |
| 2. Non-accidental self-injury | 0.47 (0.86) | 0.16 (0.37) | 0.32 (0.93) | (0.01–0.62) | 0.044 |
| 3. Problem drinking or drug-taking | 0.24 (0.68) | 0.08 (0.49) | 0.16 (0.50) | (−0.01–0.33) | 0.057 |
| 4. Cognitive problems | 1.13 (1.38) | 0.63 (0.94) | 0.50 (1.13) | (0.13–0.87) | 0.010 |
| 5. Physical illness or disability | 0.57 (0.96) | 0.89 (1.18) | –0.32 (1.00) | (−0.66–0.01) | 0.057 |
| 6. Hallucinations and delusions | 2.00 (1.41) | 1.24 (1.34) | 0.76 (1.64) | (0.23–1.30) | 0.007 |
| 7. Depressed mood | 1.35 (1.41) | 0.60 (0.94) | 0.74 (1.62) | (0.17–1.30) | 0.012 |
| 8. Other mental and behavior problems | 0.97 (1.19) | 0.84 (1.19) | 0.14 (1.53) | (−0.38–0.65) | 0.595 |
| 9. Problems with relationships | 2.11 (1.16) | 1.58 (1.13) | 0.53 (1.08) | (0.17–0.88) | 0.005 |
| 10. Problems in activities of daily living | 1.71 (1.45) | 1.53 (1.22) | 0.18 (1.45) | (−0.29–0.66) | 0.438 |
| 11. Problems with living conditions | 0.92 (1.28) | 0.45 (0.76) | 0.47 (1.43) | (0.00–0.94) | 0.048 |
| 12. Problems with occupation and activities | 1.05 (1.14) | 0.97 (1.33) | 0.08 (1.53) | (−0.42–0.58) | 0.752 |
| Practical and Social Functioning Scale (PSF)b | |||||
| A. Care for health | 4.62 (3.54) | 8.18 (2.51) | 3.56 (3.43) | (2.45–4.68) | <0.001 |
| B. Self-care/clothes | 6.77 (3.48) | 8.18 (2.51) | 1.41 (2.91) | (0.47–2.35) | 0.004 |
| C. Meals and food | 6.33 (3.30) | 7.79 (2.93) | 1.46 (3.55) | (0.31–2.61) | 0.014 |
| D. Care for belongings | 6.82 (3.42) | 8.28 (2.08) | 1.46 (2.94) | (0.51–2.41) | 0.004 |
| E. Managing finances | 7.10 (3.14) | 8.13 (3.14) | 1.03 (3.06) | (0.03–2.02) | 0.043 |
| F. Use of transportation | 5.05 (3.33) | 6.18 (3.49) | 1.13 (2.89) | (0.19–2.07) | 0.020 |
| G. Social contact | 5.74 (3.49) | 6.13 (3.21) | 0.38 (3.13) | (−0.63–1.40) | 0.448 |
| H. Conversations | 5.82 (3.08) | 8.38 (2.86) | 2.56 (2.56) | (1.73–3.39) | <0.001 |
| I. Ability to work | 5.85 (3.11) | 7.38 (3.23) | 1.54 (3.49) | (0.41–2.67) | 0.009 |
| J. Leisure activities | 4.31 (3.02) | 5.51 (2.68) | 1.21 (3.11) | (0.20–2-21) | 0.020 |
| Global Assessment Scale (Split GAF)b | |||||
| GAF symptoms | 32 (13) | 45 (20) | 13 (19) | (7–20) | <0.001 |
| GAF functioning | 36 (11) | 47 (18) | 11 (18) | (517) | <0.001 |
aRated retrospectively based on patient records prior to the follow-up study interview
bScores for the BPRS-E range from 1 (none) to 7 (extremely severe). Scores for the HoNOS range from 0 (no problem) to 4 (severe to very severe problem). Scores for the PSF range from 0 to 10 (sum of five items of functioning rated 0–2, where 0 is “not true”, 1 is “partly true or true part of the time”, and 2 is “true or true the whole time”). Scores for the GAF range from 1 (as severe as possible) to 100 (as well as possible)