Table 2.

Comparison of bacterial culture and ribosomal sequencing results

Duke’s criteria	Cardiac tissue	Tissue gram stain	Tissue culture	Blood culture	Fast DPO PCR	Bacterial 16S sequencing Identification	Diagnostic impact
Definite	MV	GPC	No growth	No growth	Positive	Staphylococcus lugdenensis	New
Definite	MV	Negative	No growth	No Growth	Positive	Streptococcus dysgalactiae subsp. equisimilis	New
Definite	PAV	GPB	Cons; broth only	No growth	Positive	P. acnes	New
Definite	MV	GPC	S. Mitis	No growth	Positive	Streptococcus sanguinis	Change
Definite	MV papillary leaflet	Negative	S. bovis group	S. salivarius	Positive	S. gallolyticus subsp. pasteurianis	Change
Definite	AV	GPC	No growth	S. bovis	Positive	S. gallolyticus subsp. pasteurianis	Change
Definite	MV Vegetation	Negative	No growth	S. mitis	Positive	S. oralis/sanguinis	Change
Definite	AV	Negative	No growth	S. salivarius	Positive	S. mitis group (S. cristatus/oralis/mitis)	Change
Definite	MV	Negative	No growth	S. salivarius	Positive	S. mitis group (S. cristatus/oralis/infantis)	Change
Definite	AV vegetation	Negative	S. bovis group	S. bovis	Positive	S. gallolyticus subsp. gallolyticus	Change
Definite	AV vegetation	Negative	No growth	GGS	Positive	S. dysgalactiae subsp. equisimilis	Change
Definite	PAV	Negative	E. faecalis/CONS; broth only	S. agalactiae	Positive	S. agalactiae	Change
Definite	AV vegetation	Negative	No growth	S. mitis	Positive	S. sanguinis	Change
Definite	PMV	GPC	S. mitis group	Group C Strep	Positive	S. dysgalactiae subsp. equisimilis	Change
Definite	AV	GPC	S. mitis group	S. mitis	Positive	S. sanguinis	Change
Definite	PAV	Negative	No growth	CoNS	Positive	E. faecalis	Change
Definite	MV	Negative	CoNS broth only	CoNS	Positive	S. epidermidis	Change
Definite	MV Vegetation	Mixed GPC	No growth	S. mitis	Positive	S. mitis	None
Definite	MV	Negative	S. agalactiae; broth only	S. agalactiae	Positive	S. agalactiae	None
Definite	AV abscess	Negative	No growth	S. mitis	Positive	S. mitis group (mitis/tigurinus)	None
Definite	AV abscess	Negative	Enterococcus faecalis; broth only	E. faecalis	Positive	E. faecalis	None
Definite	MV	Negative	No growth	Haemophilus parainfluenzae	Positive	H. parainfluenzae	None
Definite	AV	Negative	No growth	Streptococcus pneumoniae	Positive	S. pneumoniae	None
Definite	AV Vegetation	Positive	E. faecalis	E. faecalis	Positive	E. faecalis	None
Definite	MV	GPC	No growth	S. mitis	Positive	S. mitis	None
Definite	AV	Negative	E. faecalis	E. faecalis	Positive	E. faecalis	None
Definite	AV	Negative	No growth	E. faecalis	Positive	E. faecalis	None
Definite	AV	Negative	No growth	E. faecalis	Positive	E. faecalis	None
Definite	Aortic lesion	Negative	No growth	Granulicatella adiacens	Positive	G. adiacens	None
Definite	AV	GPC	No growth	E. faecalis	Positive	E. faecalis	None
Definite	AV	Negative	S. lugdenensis	S. lugdenensis	Positive	S. lugdenensis	None
Definite	AV	GPC	No growth	S. mutans	Positive	S. mutans	None
Definite	Aortic annulus	Negative	No growth	S. mitis	Positive	S. mitis	None
Definite	AV	Negative	Cardiobacterium hominis	C. hominis	Positive	C. hominis	None
Definite	AV leaflet	Negative	No growth	S. agalactiae	Positive	S. agalactiae	None
Definite	MV	Negative	S. lugdenensis	S. lugdenensis	Positive	S. lugdenensis	None
Definite	AV leaflet	Negative	E. faecalis	E. faecalis	Positive	E. faecalis	None
Definite	MV vegetation	Negative	S. lugdenensis; broth only	S. lugdenensis	Positive	S. lugdenensis	None
Definite	AV; left atrial lesion	Negative	S. aureus; broth only	S. aureus	Positive	S. aureus	None
Definite	AV	Negative	No growth	S. mitis	Positive	S. mitis/sanguinis	None
Definite	PAV	Negative	No growth	S. salivarius	Positive	S. salivarius	None
Definite	AV	Negative	E. coli	No growth	Positive	E. coli	None
Definite	MV vegetation	GPB	H. parainfluenzae	H. parainfluenzae	Positive	H. parainfluenzae	None
Definite	MV	Negative	CoNS; broth only	No growth	Negative	Not Done	None
Definite	MV	Negative	No growth	E. faecalis	Positive	E. faecalis	None
Definite	Aorta	Negative	No Growth	E. faecalis	Positive	E. faecalis	None
Definite	AV	Negative	No Growth	S. aureus	Negative	Not done	None
Definite	AV	Negative	No Growth	S. aureus	Positive	Mixed	None
Definite	AV vegetation	Negative	S. bovis	S. bovis	Positive	S. bovis	None
Definite	AV	Positive	S. aureus	S. aureus	Negative	Negative	None
Possible	PAV	Negative	No growth	No Growth	Positive	Acinetobacter junii	New
Possible	AV	Negative	No Growth	No Growth	Positive	Delftia tsuruhatensis	New
Possible	AV	Negative	No Growth	No Growth	Positive	S. infantis	New
Possible	AV	Negative	No growth	No growth	Negative	Negative	None
Possible	AV	Negative	No Growth	No Growth	Negative	Negative	None
Possible	PAV	Negative	No Growth	No Growth	Negative	Negative	None
Possible	AV	Negative	No Growth	No Growth	Negative	Negative	None
Possible	AV	Negative	No Growth	No Growth	Negative	Negative	None
Negative	AV	Negative	No Growth	No Growth	Positive	E. faecalis	New
Negative	MV	Negative	No Growth	No Growth	Negative	Negative	None
Negative	MV	Negative	No Growth	No Growth	Negative	Negative	None
Negative	PMV	Negative	No Growth	No Growth	Negative	Negative	None
Negative	AV	Negative	No Growth	No Growth	Negative	Negative	None
Negative	AV	Negative	No Growth	No Growth	Negative	Negative	None
Negative	AV vegetation	Negative	No Growth	No Growth	Positive	Mixed	None
Negative	MV thrombus	Negative	No Growth	No Growth	Negative	Negative	None
Negative	MV	Negative	No Growth	No Growth	Negative	Negative	None
Negative	AV	Negative	No Growth	No Growth	Positive	Mixed	None

AV aortic valve, CoNS coagulase negative Staphylococcus, GBS group B Streptococcus, GCS group C Streptococcus, GGS group G Streptococcus, GPC gram positive cocci, GPB gram positive bacilli, MV mitral valve, PAV prosthetic aortic valve, PMV prosthetic mitral valve. New indicates a new microbiologic diagnosis was made based on bacterial sequencing results. Change indicates that the microbiologic agent was changed or clarified