Table 2. Differences in P-wave mean and Pd in ms during breathing manoeuvres in all patients (n = 57).

	P-wave duration				P-wave dispersion
Manoeuvre	Mean (SD)	Adjusted difference v BL	95% CI	p-value	Mean (SD)	Adjusted difference v BL	95% CI	p-value
BL	113.9 (10.9)	-	-	-	27.3 (7.4)	-	-	-
ITH	126.1 (11.4)	11.7	9.3, 14.1	<0.001	40.3 (7.9)	12.9	10.3, 15.6	<0.001
MM	126.2 (14.5)	13.1	10.8, 15.5	<0.001	41.0 (8.0)	13.8	11.2, 16.5	<0.001
AP	114.3 (10.2)	-0.1	-2.5, 2.2	0.90	27.7 (6.6)	0.4	-2.3, 3.1	0.79

The ITH-manoeuvre and the MM showed a significant increase in P-wave duration and Pd when compared to BL (normal breathing). No changes occurred in the AP manoeuvre. All analyses were adjusted for PAF status, heart rate, age, BMI, and sex.

BL = baseline (normal breathing). ITH = inspiration through a threshold load (simulating an obstructive hypopnea). MM = Mueller manoeuvre (simulating an obstructive apnea). AP = end-expiratory breath holding (simulating central apnea).