Table 3.
Association between smoking behavior after diagnosis of diabetes and presence of diabetic nephropathy among patients with diabetes
| Variables | Total | Diabetic nephropathy1 | Unadjusted | Adjusted2 |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Age (10 y) | 629 | 213 (33.9) | 1.60 (1.34, 1.91) | 1.62 (1.31, 2.02) |
| Duration of diabetes (10 y) | 1.38 (1.14, 1.67) | 1.13 (0.91, 1.41) | ||
| Hemoglobin A1c (%) | 1.16 (1.04, 1.30) | 1.21 (1.07, 1.38) | ||
| Body mass index (kg/m2) | 1.00 (0.95, 1.06) | 1.03 (0.97, 1.10) | ||
| Systolic blood pressure (10 mmHg) | 1.25 (1.14, 1.38) | 1.22 (1.10, 1.35) | ||
| Medication for hypertension | ||||
| No | 321 | 84 (26.2) | 1.00 (reference) | 1.00 (reference) |
| Yes | 308 | 129 (41.9) | 2.03 (1.45, 2.85) | 1.40 (0.95, 2.06) |
| Dyslipidemia3 | ||||
| No | 362 | 117 (32.3) | 1.00 (reference) | 1.00 (reference) |
| Yes | 267 | 96 (36.0) | 1.18 (0.84, 1.64) | 1.05 (0.72, 1.53) |
| Smoking behavior | ||||
| Never smoked | 90 | 23 (25.6) | 1.00 (reference) | 1.00 (reference) |
| Smoked only before diagnosis of diabetes | 225 | 69 (30.7) | 1.29 (0.74, 2.24) | 1.23 (0.68, 2.21) |
| Ever smoked after diagnosis of diabetes | 314 | 121 (38.5) | 1.83 (1.08, 3.09) | 2.12 (1.20, 3.73) |
Values are presented as number (%) or odds ratio (95% confidence interval).
1
Diabetic nephropathy is defined as spot urine albumin/creatinine ratio ≥30 mg/g or estimated glomerular filtration rate <60 mL/min/1.73 m2.
2
Adjusted for other variables in the table (age, duration of diabetes, hemoglobin A1c, body mass index, systolic blood pressure, medication for hypertension, dyslipidemia, and smoking behavior).
3
Dyslipidemia includes total cholesterol ≥200 mg/dL, or triglyceride ≥150 mg/dL, or taking medication for dyslipidemia.