Table 4.
The association between smoking and presence of albuminuria and low glomerular filtration rate
| Variables | Total | Urine albumin/creatinine ratio1 |
Glomerular filtration rate2 |
||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 30 - 299 mg/g | ≥300 mg/g | <60 mL/min/1.73 m2 | |||||
| Smoking behavior | |||||||
| Never smoked | 90 | 15 (16.7) | 1.00 (reference) | 4 (4.4) | 1.00 (reference) | 10 (11.1) | 1.00 (reference) |
| Smoked only before diagnosis of diabetes | 225 | 40 (17.8) | 0.99 (0.50, 1.98) | 9 (4.0) | 1.28 (0.34, 4.75) | 32 (14.2) | 1.34 (0.61, 2.96) |
| Ever smoked after diagnosis of diabetes | 314 | 73 (23.3) | 1.93 (1.01, 3.69) | 33 (10.5) | 3.60 (1.09, 11.85) | 36 (11.5) | 1.18 (0.54, 2.55) |
Values are presented as number (%) or odds ratio (95% confidence interval).
Each model was adjusted for age, duration of diabetes, hemoglobin A1c, body mass index, systolic blood pressure, medication for hypertension, and dyslipidemia. Dyslipidemia includes those with total cholesterol ≥200 mg/dL, or triglyceride ≥150 mg/dL, or medication for dyslipidemia.
1
The reference group for multivariate logistic regression is urine albumin/creatinine ratio <30 mg/g.
2
The reference group for multiple logistic regression is glomerular filtration rate ≥60 mL/min/1.73 m2.