Table 1.

Association Between HIV exposure and Tuberculosis (TB) Infection Among Children ≤60 months

Covariates	Outcome-Positive Quantiferon						Outcome-Any Positive TB Test (TST or QFT)*
	Unadjusted			Adjusteda			Unadjusted			Adjustedb
	OR	p-value	95% CI	OR	p-value	95% CI	OR	p-value	95% CI	OR	p-value	95% CI
HIV	9.5	0.034	1.2-76.8	21.2	0.008	2.2-204.7	2.4	0.003	1.4-4.3	2.4	0.02	1.2-5.1
Age Category (months)
0-11	1			1			1			1
12-35	2.4	0.43	0.3-20.4	3.6	0.244	0.4-32.1	0.5	0.113	0.2-1.1	0.5	0.103	1.1-5.1
36-60	1.4	0.78	0.1-13.8	6.4	0.136	0.6-73.0	0.4	0.028	0.2-0.9	0.5	0.186	0.2-1.2
Education
None	1						1
Primary school	0.6	0.506	0.1-2.9				0.7	0.439	0.3-1.6
Secondary and beyond	0.4	0.402	0.0-4.1				0.8	0.681	0.3-2.2
Wealth index
Low	1						1
Medium	0.5	0.407	0.1-2.6				1.2	0.52	0.6-2.2
High	0.8	0.836	0.2-4.3				0.7	0.45	0.3-1.7
Household crowding	0.6	0.477	0.3-2.4				0.8	0.344	0.4-1.3
Malnutrition**
Wasting	2.3	0.429	0.3-19.7				1.2	0.484	0.7-2.2
Stunting	1.8	0.112	0.9-4.1				1	0.955	0.7-1.4
Underweight	1.9	0.144	0.8-4.1				1.1	0.601	0.7-1.7
Mother with positive TB test	4	0.082	0.8-19.5	5.2	0.045	1.0-26.0	1.9	0.027	1.1-3.4	2.3	0.01	1.2-4.2
BCG Scar	0.8	0.813	0.6-4.1				1.7	0.193	0.8-3.7	2.4	0.042	1.0-5.5

OR= Odds ratio; CI=Confidence interval; BCG= bacille Calmette-Guerin vaccination; TST=Tuberculin Skin Test; QFT= Quantiferon Gold-In-Tube

^*A positive TB test was defined as a positive TST or QFT. A positive TST is defined as induration ≥10mm for children and HIV-uninfected mothers, and ≥5mm for HIV-infected mothers.

^**wasting=weight for height z-score<-2, stunting= height for age z-score<-2; underweight= weight for age z-score <-2

^aAdjusted for age-category and mother with a positive TB test

^bAdjusted for age