Table 1.

Summary of effects of spironolactone in resistant hypertension in observational and interventional trials between 2013 and 2015

Study	Design	Patients	Treatment	n	Duration (week)	Within group		Between group
						Δ Baseline BP (mmHg)	p	BP difference (mmHg)	p
Abstract only
Djoumessi et al. [18]	Single-blind, randomized	3 drugs including diuretic	Spironolactone 25 mg od	9	4	−33a	–	−19a	<0.001
		Diabetes	vs Alternative	8		−14a
Published
Oxlund et al. [19•]	Double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled	3 drugs (diuretic not specified)	Spironolactone 25 mg od	57	16	−9.6b	–	8.9b	<0.001
		Type 2 diabetes	vs Placebo	55		−0.7b
Vaclavik et al. [20]	Double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled	3 drugs including diuretic	Spironolactone 25 mg od	81	8	−11.5b	–	−9.8b	<0.001
			vs Placebo	80		−1.7b
Xiaoying Ni et al. [21]	Double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled	3 drugs including diuretic	Spironolactone 25 mg od	40	12	−11.5c	–	−12.5c	<0.050
		Dialysis patients	Placebo	36		+0.5c
Rosa et al. [22]	Open-label randomized	3 drugs including diuretic	Intensified drug regimen	54	24	−8.1c	<0.001	1c	0.360
			Renal denervation	52		−8.6c	<0.001
Verdalles et al. [23]	Observational open-label	3 drugs including a diuretic	Spironolactone 25 mg od	15	24	−24c	<0.01	–	–
			Furosemide 40 mg od	15		−13.8c
Williams et al. [24••]	Double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled crossover	3 drugs including diuretic	Spironolactone	285	12	−14.4d		Spironolactone vs Placebo: −10.2d	<0.0001
			Doxazosin	282		−9.1d		Spironolactone vs Doxazosin: −5.30d	<0.0001
			Bisoprolol	285		−8.4d		Spironolactone vs Bisoprolol: −5.98d	<0.0001
			Placebo	274		−4.2d

^aSelf blood pressure measurement

^bMean systolic daytime ABPM

^cMean systolic 24 h ABPM

^dMean home systolic blood pressure