. 2016 Apr 13;36(15):4170–4181. doi: 10.1523/JNEUROSCI.3914-15.2016

Table 1.

Summary of studies included in ALE meta-analysis

Study	n	Task	Site	x	y	z	TT	MNI
Tremblay et al., 2013	39	Repetition of bisyllabic nouns	L	−46	−8	34	x
Tremblay et al., 2013	39	Repetition of bisyllabic nouns	R	49	−12	30	x
Eckers et al., 2013	5	Non-meaningful consonant-vowel syllables or glottal stops in combination with vowels	L	−46	−4	44		x
Eckers et al., 2013	5		R	54	−6	46		x
Grabski et al., 2012	13	Vowel /i/	L	−60	−4	18		x
			L	−42	−12	39
			R	52	−6	32
			R	49	−7	36
Peeva et al., 2010	22	Repetitions of bisyllabic pseudowords	L	−50	−8	30		x
Peeva et al., 2010	22	Repetitions of bisyllabic pseudowords	R	52	0	42		x
Simonyan et al., 2009	13	Repetitions of the syllable /iʔi/ (/i/ followed by glottal stop and followed by /i/)	L	−50	−14	40		x
			L	−52	−13	40
			R	51	−15	41
			R	50	−14	40
Shuster, 2009	14	Production of pseudowords	L	48	10	31	x
			L	51	14	11
			R	−50	6	12
			R	−43	5	26
Chang et al., 2009	35	Meaningless consonant-vowel-consonant syllable production	L	−55	−15	38		x
Chang et al., 2009	35	Meaningless consonant-vowel-consonant syllable production	R	48	−11	33		x
Olthoff et al., 2008	16	Phonation without intonation	L	−18	−30	58	x
				−47	−12	45
				−52	1	23
			R	46	−9	44
				15	−31	57
				55	2	21
Riecker et al., 2008	9	64 bisyllabic pseudowords with /tet/ as the 2nd unit	L	−48	−6	36		x
Riecker et al., 2008	9	64 bisyllabic pseudowords with /tet/ as the 2nd unit	R	48	−6	33		x
Ghosh et al., 2008	10	Mono-syllables	L	−54	2	20		x
			R	54	−8	48
			R	20	−28	66
Brown et al., 2008	16	Phonation using the schwa vowel or glottal stops	L	−38	−14	32	x
				−53	0	42
				−40	−10	30
				−51	0	44
			R	44	−10	34
				53	4	42
				44	−8	24
				50	−2	37
Loucks et al., 2007	12	Repetitions of glottal stop followed by /i/	L	−44	−10	39	x
Loucks et al., 2007	12	Repetitions of glottal stop followed by /i/	R	36	−8	28	x
Bohland and Guenther, 2006	13	Simple and complex consonant-vowel sequences	L	−46	−10	60		x
				−44	−18	64
				−60	0	30
			R	48	6	32
				56	8	32
				56	6	40
				50	−14	60
				56	6	40
				62	−4	42
				56	8	40
Soros et al., 2006	9	Vowel “ah”	R	60	−4	42		x
Soros et al., 2006	9	Vowel “ah”	R	48	−12	44		x
Terumitsu et al., 2006	18	Phonation without articulatory tongue movements (/e/) and vocalization with tongue movement	L	−40	−19	42		x
				−56	−2.8	21
				−52	−11	47
				−54	0	23
			R	51	−11	38
			R	58	−6	35
Wilson et al., 2004	10	23 repetitions of a meaningless mono-syllable	L	−51	−11	46		x
				−45	−13	34
				−56	−4	22
			R	56	−8	44
				48	−10	35
				60	0	20
Riecker et al., 2002	12	Production of “pa-pa-pa”	L	−59	1	22	x
			L	−56	−5	25
			R	59	−4	22
			R	62	−2	25
Riecker et al., 2000	10	Production of “ta,” “stra,” and “pataka”	L	39	−15	22	x
				−54	−6	27
				−57	−3	27
			R	60	0	24
			R	51	−6	21
Lotze et al., 2000	7	Production of “pa,” “ta,” “ka,” and “pataka”	L	−48	−10	52		x
				−44	−8	40
				−46	−8	26
				−36	−14	36
			R	48	−10	56
				64	−16	28
				60	−6	24
				54	−8	42

We identified 19 overt speech production fMRI studies dating between 2000 and 2013. Search terms in literature review were “syllable AND fMRI,” “vowel AND fMRI,” and “speech production AND fMRI.” By choosing studies of the production of syllables/vowels with minimal linguistic meaning, we purported to identify simple voluntary laryngeal motor tasks rather than more complex tasks with wider cognitive involvement. A total of 82 candidate foci from 283 healthy subjects were chosen, which localized to the primary motor cortex within the precentral gyrus. MNI standard space coordinates were transformed into TT space for analysis with ALE.