Table 3.
Dietary intake of the sample by sex (13–18 years) crude and adjusted to total energy intake (n = 178)
| Boys | Girls | p | p* | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Nutritional intake | ||||
| Total energy (kcal/day)a,b | 2,449±929 | 1,981±665 | <0.01 | <0.01 |
| Carbohydrates (g/day)a,b | 285±113 | 242±83 | 0.01 | 0.31 |
| Carbohydrates (%TEI)a,b | 47±7 | 49±8 | 0.08 | 0.20 |
| Sugars (g/day)a,b | 131±64 | 115±57 | 0.02 | 0.41 |
| Protein (g/day)a,b | 103±53 | 79±32 | <0.01 | 0.61 |
| Protein (%TEI)a,b | 17±4 | 16±4 | 0.53 | 0.38 |
| Fat (g/day)a,b | 93±42 | 73±34 | <0.01 | 0.91 |
| Fat (% TEI)a,c | 34±7 | 33±7 | 0.21 | 0.81 |
| Dietary fiber (g/1,000 kcal)a,b | 6±3 | 7±3 | 0.07 | 0.09 |
| Total food (g/day)a,b | 2,540±916 | 2,219±735 | 0.02 | 0.89 |
| Total water (g/day)a,b,d | 1,781±713 | 1,632±609 | 0.22 | 0.46 |
| Potassium (mg/day)a,b | 2,998±1,368 | 2,471±1,068 | 0.01 | 0.52 |
| Sodium (mg/day)a,b,e | 2,649±1,586 | 2,106±1,204 | <0.01 | 0.29 |
| Salt (g/day)a,b,e | 7±4 | 5±3 | <0.01 | 0.29 |
| Na/K ratioa,b | 1.7±0.6 | 1.6±0.6 | 0.19 | 0.35 |
| Dietary intake | ||||
| Cereal and cereal products (g/day)b,f | 286 (227, 357) | 225 (162, 309) | 0.01 | 0.22 |
| Breads (g/day)b,f | 93 (45, 143) | 80 (45, 120) | 0.26 | 0.67 |
| Breakfast cereals (g/day)b,f | 30 (30, 40) | 30 (30, 40) | 0.12 | 0.52 |
| Biscuits, cakes, puddings, scones, doughnuts (g/day)b,f | 60 (29, 124) | 75 (40, 117) | 0.52 | 0.05 |
| Pasta, rice, and other cereal-based products (g/day)b,f | 151 (97, 224) | 97 (43, 180) | <0.01 | 0.01 |
| Meat products (g/day)b,f | 160 (120, 252) | 132 (80, 212) | 0.01 | 0.80 |
| Chicken and turkey dishes (g/day)b,f | 118 (93, 220) | 105 (99, 173) | 0.44 | 0.87 |
| Sausages (g/day)b,f | 40 (20, 60) | 25 (14, 45) | 0.12 | 0.17 |
| Bacon and ham (g/day)b,f | 30 (23, 60) | 30 (23, 45) | 0.43 | 0.83 |
| Red meats (g/day)b,f | 119 (90, 195) | 112 (56, 160) | 0.10 | 0.33 |
| Milk and milk products (g/day)b,f | 545 (292, 841) | 471 (304, 659) | 0.07 | 0.17 |
| Milk (g/day)b,f | 516 (283, 841) | 400 (280, 545) | 0.01 | 0.01 |
| Cheeses (g/day)b,f | 30 (28, 60) | 30 (28, 56) | 0.86 | 0.71 |
| Vegetable and potato products (g/day)b,f | 123 (73, 175) | 121 (63, 224) | 0.84 | 0.18 |
| Potato products (g/day)b,f | 155 (93, 350) | 155 (116, 231) | 0.77 | 0.86 |
| Soups and sauces (g/day)b,f | 363 (117, 541) | 363 (174, 368) | 0.50 | 0.71 |
| Vegetable soups (g/day)b,f | 363 (363, 541) | 363.0 (261.5, 458.8) | 0.10 | 0.18 |
| Sauces (g/day)b,f | 15 (11, 68) | 10 (8, 20) | 0.18 | 0.32 |
| Fruits (g/day)b,f | 301 (174, 487) | 174 (132, 328) | 0.10 | 0.19 |
| Fish and seafood dishes (g/day)b,f | 184 (108, 272) | 120 (75, 227) | 0.14 | 0.24 |
| Cod fish (g/day)b,f | 236 (71.0, -) | 114 (68, 233) | 0.50 | 0.55 |
| Oils and fats (g/day)b,f | 10 (4, 27) | 10 (5, 21) | 0.53 | 0.18 |
| Egg and egg dishes (g/day)b,f | 100 (58, 100) | 46 (22, 50) | 0.03 | 0.03 |
| Sugars, preserves, and confectionery (g/day)b,f | 16 (10, 37) | 12 (8, 25) | 0.07 | 0.92 |
| Fast food (g/day)b,f | 150 (100, 333) | 150 (82, 202) | 0.85 | 0.37 |
| Pizza (g/day)b,f | 220 (191, 445) | 301 (200, 403) | 0.94 | 0.29 |
| Sandwiches, burgers, filled wraps (g/day)b,f | 219 (219, 219) | 219 (80, 219) | 0.40 | 0.75 |
| Salted snacks and fried snacks (g/day)b,f | 104 (52, 229) | 144 (88, 147) | 0.77 | 0.46 |
| Fried potatoes (g/day)b,f | 100 (100, 150) | 100 (50, 123) | 0.21 | 0.26 |
| Beverages (g/day)b,f | 720 (476, 1,140) | 825 (540, 1,047) | 0.58 | 0.04 |
| Soft drinks (g/day)b,f | 435 (200, 615) | 495 (220, 707) | 0.37 | 0.11 |
| Water (g/day)b,f | 410 (90, 720) | 440 (140, 846) | 0.54 | 0.73 |
| Hot beverages (g/day)b,f | 30 (4, 122) | 102 (10, 295) | 0.20 | 0.34 |
| Other foods (g/day)b,f | 69 (22, 185) | 81 (21, 127) | 0.83 | 0.93 |
TEI, Total Energy Intake.
a
Values are mean±standard deviation.
b
Analysis by Mann–Whitney U test.
c
Analysis by Student's t-test for continuous variables.
d
Water from foods, beverages, and metabolic water.
e
Estimated from dietary records without considering household salt, 393 mg sodium = 1 g salt.
f
Values are median (P25, P75).
*
Adjusted for energy intake.