Table 3.
Relative risk ratios adjusted for gender, age, and duration of diabetes for the overall population.
| All | Fatty Liver Index | RRR for FLI 30–59% | p 1 | RRR for FLI ≥ 60% | p 2 | p 3 | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| <30 | 30–59 | ≥60 | |||||||
| n = 94577 | n = 13427 | n = 24246 | n = 56904 | ||||||
| AST (UI/L) | 24 ± 16 | 21 ± 12 | 22 ± 14 | 26 ± 18 | 1.10 (1.06–1.15) | δ | 1.35 (1.28–1.42) | δ | δ |
| AST > 38 UI/L | 8.3% | 3.2% | 4.5% | 11.2% | 1.42 (1.24–1.61) | δ | 3.53 (3.04–4.09) | δ | δ |
| ALT (UI/L) | 28 ± 22 | 21 ± 14 | 24 ± 18 | 32 ± 25 | 1.26 (1.21–1.31) | δ | 1.56 (1.48–1.66) | δ | δ |
| ALT > 41 UI/L (M) or >31 UI/L (F) | 19.1% | 7.8% | 11.4% | 25.0% | 1.62 (1.49–1.76) | δ | 3.88 (3.44–4.36) | δ | δ |
| ALT > 30 UI/L (M) or >19 UI/L (F) | 43.4% | 28.7% | 33.1% | 51.3% | 1.41 (1.33–1.49) | δ | 2.96 (2.71–3.23) | δ | δ |
| Serum creatinine (mg/dL) | 0.97 ± 0.51 | 0.90 ± 0.45 | 0.96 ± 0.49 | 0.99 ± 0.53 | 1.60 (1.40–1.84) | δ | 2.16 (1.82–2.58) | δ | δ |
| eGFR (mL/min/1.73 m2) | 78 ± 21 | 80 ± 20 | 78 ± 20 | 77 ± 22 | 0.91 (0.90–0.92) | δ | 0.82 (0.80–0.83) | δ | δ |
| eGFR< 60 mL/min/1.73 m2 | 19.8% | 15.1% | 19.1% | 21.3% | 1.41 (1.33–1.48) | δ | 2.15 (2.03–2.28) | δ | δ |
| Albuminuria | 28.2% | 21.4% | 24.9% | 31.2% | 1.20 (1.09–1.31) | δ | 1.72 (1.46–2.04) | δ | δ |
| HbA1c (% and mmol/mol) | 7.5 (58) ± 1.6 | 7.2 (55) ± 1.5 | 7.3 (56) ± 1.5 | 7.6 (60) ± 1.7 | 1.04 (1.01–1.07) | β | 1.21 (1.15–1.27) | δ | δ |
| HbA1c ≥ 7% (53 mmol/mol) | 55.1% | 48.2% | 50.2% | 58.8% | 1.16 (1.10–1.23) | δ | 1.77 (1.64–1.91) | δ | δ |
| Total cholesterol (mg/dL) | 185 ± 41 | 178 ± 38 | 180 ± 39 | 188 ± 43 | 1.04 (1.03–1.05) | δ | 1.13 (1.12–1.14) | δ | δ |
| HDL-C (mg/dL) | 50 ± 14 | 58 ± 16 | 52 ± 14 | 47 ± 13 | 0.79 (0.77–0.80) | δ | 0.60 (0.58–0.62) | δ | δ |
| HDL-C < 40 (male); <50 mg/dL (female) | 36.6% | 19.5% | 29.5% | 43.7% | 1.84 (1.74–1.95) | δ | 3.43 (3.19–3.68) | δ | δ |
| LDL-C (mg/dL) | 107 ± 36 | 104 ± 33 | 106 ± 34 | 109 ± 37 | 1.05 (1.04–1.07) | δ | 1.07 (1.06–1.09) | δ | δ |
| LDL-C ≥ 100 mg/dL | 55.3% | 51.3% | 54.2% | 56.8% | 1.15 (1.09–1.21) | δ | 1.20 (1.14–1.27) | δ | β |
| Systolic blood pressure (mmHg) | 139 ± 19 | 135 ± 20 | 138 ± 19 | 140 ± 19 | 1.17 (1.14–1.20) | δ | 1.37 (1.31–1.43) | δ | δ |
| Diastolic blood pressure (mmHg) | 79 ± 10 | 76 ± 9 | 78 ± 10 | 80 ± 10 | 1.20 (1.17–1.24) | δ | 1.47 (1.41–1.54) | δ | δ |
| Blood pressure ≥ 140/85 mmHg | 58.0% | 48.7% | 55.4% | 61.3% | 1.31 (1.25–1.38) | δ | 1.76 (1.67–1.87) | δ | δ |
| Pulse pressure (mmHg) | 60 ± 17 | 59 ± 17 | 60 ± 17 | 60 ± 16 | 1.04 (1.02–1.05) | δ | 1.08 (1.05–1.10) | δ | δ |
| Q score | 26 ± 9 | 28 ± 8 | 27 ± 9 | 26 ± 9 | 0.85 (0.82–0.87) | δ | 0.67 (0.64–0.69) | δ | δ |
| Retinopathy | 11.8% | 12.5% | 12.3% | 11.5% | 1.08 (1.00–1.17) | — | 1.16 (1.07–1.26) | δ | α |
| Smokers | 18.1% | 17.6% | 17.6% | 18.3% | 0.97 (0.90–1.03) | — | 0.87 (0.82–0.93) | δ | δ |
| Alcohol | 45.2% | 41.9% | 46.8% | 45.4% | 1.05 (0.98–1.13) | — | 1.00 (0.93–0.07) | — | α |
Mean ± standard deviation or percentage of patients. Relative risk ratios (RRR) with 95% confidence interval. ALT, alanine transaminase; AST, aspartate aminotransferase; eGFR, estimated glomerular filtration rate; HDL-C, high-density lipoprotein cholesterol; and LDL-C, low-density lipoprotein cholesterol. Missing data: AST in 4151 (4.4%), ALT in 3587 (3.8%), serum creatinine and eGFR in 8017 (8.5%), albuminuria in 43247 (45.7%), total cholesterol (mg/dL) in 211 (0.2%), HDL-C (mg/dL) in 440 (0.5%), smoking status in 30189 (31.9%), and alcohol in 32742 (34.6%). The p values are referring to relative risk ratios for FLI 30–59 (p 1) or FLI ≥ 60 (p 2 and p 3) at multinomial logistic regression analysis correcting for gender, age, and duration of diabetes with patients with FLI < 30 (p 1 and p 2) and FLI 30–59 (p 3) as reference category. RRR for continuous variables by 10 units' increase in AST, ALT, eGFR, HDL-C, diastolic blood pressure, pulse pressure, and Q Score, by 20 units for total cholesterol, LDL-C, and systolic blood pressure, and by one unit otherwise.
α: p < 0.05, β: p < 0.01, δ: p < 0.001, and —: n.s.