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. 2015 Aug 7;124(4):426–436. doi: 10.1289/ehp.1409345

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Estimated ANA positivity effects by sex and parity for individual chemicals and dioxin-like chemical mixtures, National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey, 1999–2004. Estimated ratios of mean concentrations (MCRs) for ANA-positive versus ANA-negative participants are plotted as solid dots for 21 dioxin-like chemicals in panel A and for 66 non–dioxin-like chemicals in panels B–D. Analogous estimates for dioxin-like chemical mixtures, both overall and within categories, are plotted as open circles in panel A. All estimates are adjusted for age, race/ethnicity, time period, BMI, and PIR. Values below (above) 1.0 indicate that those positive for ANA had a lower (higher) mean concentration of the chemical or mixture than those negative for ANA. The horizontal lines represent 95% confidence intervals, and left (right) arrowheads indicate that values extend below 0.5 (above 2.0). Results are shown separately by sex and parity, with overall female estimates calculated from inverse-variance weighted averages of parity-specific estimates. ^aTwo chemicals [1,2,3,4,7,8-hexachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin (HxCDD) and 2,3,3’,4,4’,5,5’-heptachlorobiphenyl (PCB189)] were excluded from mixture estimates because of missing data for 1999–2000. ^bFive chemicals had MCRs below 0.5 or above 2.0 in one sex/parity group; therefore, no solid dot was plotted. The unplotted MCRs were 3.1 (95% CI: 0.6, 15.1) for PCB189 in nulliparous females, 2.8 (95% CI: 1.8, 4.5) for triclosan in males, 3.8 (95% CI: 1.1, 13.7) for alachlor mercapturate in parous females, 0.5 (95% CI: 0.1, 2.4) for para-ntirophenol in nulliparous females, and 2.1 (95% CI: 1.8, 3.9) for trans-3-(2,2-dichlorovinyl)-2,2-dimethylcyclopropanecarboxylic acid (trans-Cl2CA) in nulliparous females. ^cFor two chemicals (mirex and alachlor mercapturate), < 6 nulliparous females were ANA positive and had detectable concentrations; therefore, nothing was plotted for nulliparous females or for all females combined. ^dOne chemical (urinary mercury) had no data for males; therefore, nothing was plotted for males.