Table 1.
Geometric means (95% CIs) of creatinine-corrected urine NIS concentrations according to characteristics at baseline among girls in the BCERP cohort (2004–2007, n = 940).
| Characteristic | n | Perchlorate (μg/gC) | Thiocyanate (μg/gC) | Nitrate (mg/gC) | Iodide (μg/gC) |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Race/ethnicity | |||||
| Black | 275 | 4.76 (4.37, 5.18) | 1,140 (1,040, 1,260) | 604 (567, 645) | 179 (164, 194) |
| Hispanic | 285 | 5.83 (5.36, 6.33) | 900 (820, 989) | 662 (621, 705) | 286 (264, 311) |
| Asian | 53 | 7.12 (5.87, 8.62) | 1,610 (1,290, 2,000) | 931 (803, 1E3) | 260 (215, 314) |
| White | 327 | 7.68 (7.11, 8.30)* | 1,410 (1,290, 1,540)* | 847 (798, 899)* | 243 (225, 262)* |
| Age at urine donation (years) | |||||
| 6–6.99 | 290 | 6.44 (5.93, 7.01) | 1,150 (1,050, 1,270) | 726 (680, 774) | 258 (237, 280) |
| 7–7.99 | 473 | 6.53 (6.11, 6.97) | 1,260 (1,170, 1,360) | 753 (716, 793) | 237 (222, 253) |
| ≥ 8 | 177 | 4.71 (4.23, 5.25)* | 964 (853, 1,090)* | 610 (562, 663)* | 195 (175, 217)* |
| BMI percentile at urine donation | |||||
| < 50th | 644 | 6.37 (6.02, 6.74) | 1,170 (1,100, 1,250) | 751 (719, 784) | 237 (224, 251) |
| 50–85th | 142 | 6.31 (5.59, 7.12) | 1,280 (1,110, 1,460) | 718 (655, 788) | 234 (208, 264) |
| > 85th | 154 | 5.02 (4.47, 5.64)* | 1,050 (924, 1,200) | 584 (534, 638)* | 224 (200, 251) |
| Caregiver education | |||||
| ≤ High school | 272 | 5.16 (4.73, 5.62) | 965 (875, 1,060) | 648 (606, 694) | 245 (225, 267) |
| > High school | 648 | 6.66 (6.30, 7.05)* | 1,260 (1,180, 1,340)* | 746 (714, 779)* | 233 (220, 246) |
| Not reported | 20 | ||||
| Site | |||||
| NYC | 312 | 4.48 (4.14, 4.84) | 742 (682, 808) | 572 (538, 607) | 245 (226, 265) |
| Cincinnati | 247 | 6.62 (6.07, 7.23) | 1,370 (1,240, 1,500) | 847 (792, 907) | 207 (189, 227) |
| KPNC | 381 | 7.49 (6.98, 8.04)* | 1,520 (1,410, 1,650)* | 771 (730, 815)* | 245 (228, 264)* |
| Environmental smoking exposure | |||||
| No smokers | 695 | 6.40 (6.06, 6.76) | 1,160 (1,090, 1,240) | 739 (709, 771) | 246 (233, 259) |
| ≥ 1 smoker, 0 cigs | 126 | 5.91 (5.20, 6.72) | 1,250 (1,080, 1,440) | 716 (649, 791) | 215 (189, 243) |
| ≥ 1 smoker, 1–35 cigs/week | 48 | 5.23 (4.25, 6.44) | 915 (724, 1,160) | 561 (478, 658) | 243 (198, 298) |
| ≥ 1 smoker, > 35 cigs/week | 65 | 4.68 (3.91, 5.59)* | 1,210 (993, 1,480) | 589 (514, 676)* | 174 (146, 208)* |
| Not reported | 6 | ||||
| Season of urine donation | |||||
| Fall | 176 | 5.35 (4.80, 5.96) | 1,180 (1,040, 1,330) | 668 (614, 726) | 213 (191, 238) |
| Spring | 310 | 6.73 (6.20, 7.31) | 1,070 (975, 1,170) | 744 (699, 792) | 246 (227, 267) |
| Winter | 181 | 5.67 (5.10, 6.32) | 1,030 (917, 1,170) | 662 (610, 719) | 234 (211, 260) |
| Summer | 273 | 6.28 (5.75, 6.85)* | 1,380 (1,260, 1,530)* | 754 (705, 807)* | 236 (216, 257) |
| Primary drinking-water source | |||||
| 50/50 bottle/spring-tap | 132 | 6.24 (5.50, 7.07) | 1,260 (1,100, 1,450) | 715 (650, 788) | 227 (201, 257) |
| Primarily bottle/spring | 263 | 5.21 (4.77, 5.69) | 1,020 (926, 1,130) | 626 (585, 670) | 222 (203, 243) |
| Primarily tap | 533 | 6.61 (6.21, 7.04)* | 1,210 (1,130, 1,300)* | 761 (725, 798)* | 244 (229, 260) |
| Not reported | 12 | ||||
| Vegetable consumption tertiles | |||||
| 1 (0.00–0.741 veg/day) | 288 | 5.38 (4.93, 5.86) | 1,040 (946, 1,150) | 687 (643, 735) | 222 (204, 242) |
| 2 (0.741–1.447 veg/day) | 289 | 6.16 (5.65, 6.72) | 1,160 (1,050, 1,270) | 692 (648, 740) | 257 (236, 280) |
| 3 (1.448–5.18 veg/day) | 289 | 6.83 (6.27, 7.45)* | 1,330 (1,210, 1,470)* | 748 (700, 800) | 232 (213, 252) |
| Not reported | 74 | ||||
| Dairy consumption tertiles | |||||
| 1 (0.00–1.576 dairy/day) | 288 | 5.66 (5.18, 6.17) | 995 (905, 1,090) | 702 (657, 751) | 208 (191, 226) |
| 2 (1.577–2.316 dairy/day) | 289 | 6.25 (5.73, 6.82) | 1,170 (1,060, 1,280) | 717 (671, 766) | 244 (224, 265) |
| 3 (2.317–6.85 dairy/day) | 289 | 6.40 (5.87, 6.98) | 1,380 (1,260, 1,520)* | 707 (662, 756) | 261 (240, 284)* |
| Not reported | 74 | ||||
| Age at breast Tanner stage 2 (years) | |||||
| ≤ 9.4 | 473 | 5.80 (5.43, 6.20) | 1,130 (1,050, 1,220) | 707 (671, 744) | 226 (211, 241) |
| > 9.4 | 433 | 6.34 (5.91, 6.80) | 1,190 (1,100, 1,280) | 722 (685, 762) | 239 (223, 256) |
| Not available | 34 | ||||
| ALL | 940 | 6.11 (5.83, 6.41) | 1,170 (1,110, 1,230) | 716 (690, 742) | 234 (224, 245) |
| NHANESa | 284 | 7.27 (6.56, 8.05) | 1,540 (1,370, 1,730) | 813 (756, 875) | NA |
| Abbreviations: cig, cigarettes; NA, not available; veg, vegetables. aNHANES 2007–2008, 6- to 9-year-old girls; creatinine-corrected geometric mean (http://www.cdc.gov/nchs/nhanes.html). *ANOVA p < 0.05 | |||||