Fig. 3.

Transverse plane joint angles. The mean of individual time-normalized angles in the transverse plane for male and female subjects with and without knee OA during stance phase and swing phase. All angles are measured in terms of the distal segment relative to the proximal segment. a Ankle internal rotation and external rotation, b knee internal rotation and external rotation, c hip internal rotation and external rotation, d foot abduction and adduction, and e pelvis rotation the opposite side and the same side of the subject’s stance leg