Table 2.
Odds Ratios (ORs) and Confidence Intervals (CIs) of Multivariate Models of Tobacco Initiation Outcomes and Outlet Density, Controlling for Covariates
| Cigarette initiation | Non-cigarette combustible initiation | Noncombustible initiation | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 18–24 | 25–34 | 18–24 | 25–34 | 18–24 | 25–34 | |
| ORs and CI’s | ||||||
| Outlets per 10 kilometers of roadway (logged) | 0.98 (0.14, 6.99) | 3.75* (1.18, 11.90) | 3.16* (1.03, 9.75) | 1.79 (0.53, 6.05) | 0.47 (0.09, 2.53) | 0.57 (0.16, 2.05) |
| Gender | ||||||
| Female | 1.24 (0.62, 2.48) | 0.94 (0.53, 1.67) | 0.83 (0.44, 1.58) | 0.40** (0.21, 0.77) | 1.46 (0.71, 2.99) | 0.70 (0.40, 1.22) |
| Race | ||||||
| Black, Non-Hispanic | 0.97 (0.22, 4.18) | 0.65 (0.21, 1.97) | 3.36* (1.19, 9.49) | 0.49 (0.16, 1.50) | 1.46 (0.35, 6.05) | 0.35 (0.05, 2.33) |
| Hispanic | 1.07 (0.36, 3.21) | 0.35 (0.10, 1.18) | 1.67 (0.53, 5.29) | 0.71 (0.24, 2.15) | 0.49 (0.19, 1.28) | 0.36 (0.12, 1.08) |
| Other | 0.27* (0.07, 0.98) | 0.27* (0.09, 0.84) | 0.38 (0.13, 1.16) | 1.11 (0.40, 3.08) | 0.27 (0.05, 1.44) | 0.75 (0.25, 2.23) |
| Education | ||||||
| HS diploma/GED | 1.00 (0.40, 2.47) | 0.22** (0.08, 0.66) | 0.40* (0.16, 0.99) | 0.82 (0.25, 2.69) | 1.01 (0.32, 3.24) | 0.45 (0.12, 1.67) |
| Some college/tech or associate’s degree | 0.60 (0.24, 1.52) | 0.17*** (0.06, 0.46) | 0.67 (0.29, 1.58) | 0.87 (0.29, 2.59) | 1.05 (0.36, 3.07) | 0.37 (0.11, 1.25) |
| At least a college degree | 1.15 (0.30, 4.49) | 0.05*** (0.01, 0.17) | 0.58 (0.17, 1.99) | 0.61 (0.18, 2.11) | 0.83 (0.18, 3.88) | 0.19* (0.05, 0.72) |
| Major depressive disorder | ||||||
| High | 3.69** (1.63, 8.33) | 2.44* (1.14, 5.26) | 2.98** (1.49, 5.97) | 1.81 (0.80, 4.11) | 6.45***(3.27, 12.71) | 3.00***(1.60, 5.63) |
| Tract % of population in poverty | 0.76 (0.46, 1.23) | 1.14 (0.94, 1.39) | 0.99 (0.74, 1.32) | 0.93 (0.73, 1.18) | 1.15 (0.80, 1.66) | 1.37 (0.94, 1.99) |
| Tract % of Hispanic population | 0.98 (0.81, 1.20) | 0.76** (0.61, 0.93) | 0.96 (0.80, 1.16) | 1.08 (0.89, 1.32) | 0.84 (0.68, 1.04) | 0.75**(0.61, 0.93) |
| Tract % of non-Hispanic Black population | 0.96 (0.70, 1.32) | 1.03 (0.87, 1.22) | 0.88 (0.70, 1.12) | 1.01 (0.85, 1.21) | 0.87 (0.69, 1.10) | 0.81 (0.63, 1.04) |
| Log population density | 1.00 (0.76, 1.32) | 0.97 (0.77, 1.22) | 0.94 (0.69, 1.28) | 1.10 (0.82, 1.47) | 1.10 (0.85, 1.42) | 1.25* (1.03, 1.50) |
| MSA status | ||||||
| Metro | 1.08 (0.36, 3.24) | 1.17 (0.44, 3.08) | 2.92 (0.80, 10.66) | 0.49 (0.19, 1.27) | 0.94 (0.29, 3.10) | 1.02 (0.46, 2.28) |
| State level smoking prevalence | 0.94 (0.83, 1.06) | 0.93 (0.84, 1.03) | 0.97 (0.86, 1.10) | 1.01 (0.90, 1.13) | 0.96 (0.82, 1.12) | 1.01 (0.93, 1.10) |
| State level clean indoor air laws index | ||||||
| 100% smoke free | 0.83 (0.37, 1.86) | 0.90 (0.40, 2.02) | 1.11 (0.51, 2.42) | 1.10 (0.47, 2.57) | 1.44 (0.47, 4.34) | 0.78 (0.38, 1.61) |
Note. GED = graduate equivalency degree; HS = high school; MSA = metropolitan statistical area.
*P ≤ .05; **P ≤ .01; ***P ≤ .001.