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. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2016 Apr 15.
Published in final edited form as: Int J Cancer. 2015 Dec 15;138(8):1915–1927. doi: 10.1002/ijc.29944

Table 1.

Baseline characteristics of participants by diabetes status and therapy at baseline in the WHI CT and OS participants (N = 145,826)

Characteristics Diabetes status Participants with diabetes
No (n=137,342) Yes (n=8 484) p1 Metformin (n=1,100) Other meds (n=4,106) p2
N % N % N % N %
Age group at screening, y <0.001 0.40
50–59 47,089 34.3 2,198 25.9 258 23.5 1,038 25.3
60–69 61,393 44.7 4,168 49.1 566 51.5 2,039 49.7
70–79 28,860 21.0 2,118 25.0 276 25.1 1,029 25.1
Race/ethnicity <0.001 <0.001
White 114,580 83.4 5,492 64.7 706 64.2 2,494 60.7
Black 11,439 8.3 1,851 21.8 207 18.8 1,083 26.4
Hispanic 5,349 3.9 557 6.6 90 8.2 256 6.2
American Indian 520 0.4 107 1.3 12 1.1 60 1.5
Asian/Pacific Islander 3,562 2.6 332 3.9 63 5.7 137 3.3
Unknown 1,892 1.4 145 1.7 22 2.0 76 1.9
Education <0.001 0.26
0–8 years 2,039 1.5 326 3.9 41 3.8 160 3.9
Some high school 4,677 3.4 615 7.3 74 6.8 322 7.9
High school diploma/GED 23,286 17.1 1,777 21.1 229 21.0 906 22.2
School after high school 51,377 37.7 3,413 40.6 428 39.2 1,646 40.4
College degree or higher 54,943 40.3 2,285 27.2 319 29.2 1,045 25.6
Smoking status 0.39 0.007
Never 69,516 51.3 4,342 52.2 545 50.3 2,131 53.0
Past 56,673 41.8 3,417 41.0 480 44.3 1,604 39.9
Current 9,419 6.9 566 6.8 59 5.4 287 7.1
Body mass index, kg/m2 <0.001 0.77
<25 49,485 36.3 1,114 13.2 115 10.5 418 10.2
25–<30 47,964 35.2 2,381 28.3 310 28.3 1,112 27.2
≥30 38,712 28.4 4,924 58.5 671 61.2 2,551 62.5
Alcohol consumption <0.001 0.15
Non/past drinker 37,904 27.8 4,832 57.6 692 63.8 2,568 63.3
<1 drink/week 45,448 33.3 2,411 28.8 303 27.9 1,073 26.4
1–14 drinks/week 47,557 34.9 1,034 12.3 84 7.7 387 9.5
>14 drinks/week 5,425 4.0 105 1.3 6 0.6 29 0.7
Recreational physical activity3 <0.001 0.13
No activity 20,194 15.5 1,787 22.0 229 20.9 936 24.0
Some activity 52,344 40.1 3,764 46.3 515 47.1 1,856 47.6
2–<4 episodes per week 23,379 17.9 1,233 15.2 183 16.7 540 13.9
4+ episodes per week 34,574 26.5 1,352 16.6 167 15.3 566 14.5
Dietary energy (kcal) 0.03 0.30
<1,200 34,096 25.6 2,203 27.2 289 27.7 1,108 28.3
1,200–<1,500 28,581 21.4 1,652 20.4 223 21.4 783 20.0
1,500–<2,000 39,078 29.3 2,094 25.9 281 26.9 968 24.7
≥2,000 31,630 23.7 2,138 26.4 250 24.0 1,053 26.9
Family history of cancer 86,894 66.1 5,057 63.7 0.04 643 63.2 2,395 62.7 0.84
Family history of adult diabetes 41,744 32.0 5,104 65.4 <0.001 684 68.2 2,589 68.6 0.60
Duration of diabetes, y N/A 0.44
<5 y 0 3,242 39.6 386 37.1 1,403 35.9
5–<10 0 1,955 23.9 287 27.6 1,024 26.2
≥10 0 2,986 36.5 367 35.3 1,482 37.9
Aspirin 28,278 20.6 2,223 26.2 <0.001 334 30.4 1,112 27.1 0.04
NSAIDs 46,395 33.8 3,361 39.6 <0.001 476 43.3 1,684 41.0 0.16
History of high cholesterol requiring pills 17,807 13.0 2,303 27.1 <0.001 387 35.2 1,163 28.3 <0.001
Hysterectomy at randomization 54,472 39.7 4,117 48.6 <0.001 487 44.3 2,020 49.2 0.02
Enrollment into CEE trial 0.76 0.06
Active CEE 4,552 8.4 482 11.7 74 15.2 253 12.5
Placebo 4,596 8.4 492 12.0 55 11.3 282 14.0
Not enrolled w/o uterus 45,324 83.2 3,143 76.3 358 73.5 1,485 73.5
Enrollment into CEE+MPA trial 0.98 0.74
Active CEE+MPA 7,813 9.4 478 11.0 71 11.6 231 11.1
Placebo 7,439 9.0 459 10.5 69 11.3 217 10.4
Not enrolled w/uterus 67,553 81.6 3,425 78.5 472 77.1 1,636 78.5
Enrollment into DM trial 0.97 0.76
Comparison 26,195 19.1 1,688 19.9 208 18.9 859 20.9
Intervention 17,507 12.7 1,123 13.2 132 12.0 553 13.5
Not enrolled 93,640 68.2 5,673 66.9 760 69.1 2,694 65.6
Bilateral oophorectomy 24,924 18.6 1,785 22.0 0.99 212 20.2 863 22.0 0.86
Unopposed estrogen use status <0.001 0.15
Never used 88,876 64.8 5,699 67.2 763 69.4 2,841 69.2
Past user 16,918 12.3 1,183 14.0 142 12.9 581 14.2
Current user 31,457 22.9 1,593 18.8 195 17.7 683 16.6
Estrogen + progesterone use status <0.001 0.69
Never used 99,328 72.3 7,188 84.7 928 84.4 3,564 86.8
Past user 11,843 8.6 474 5.6 64 5.8 203 4.9
Current user 26,126 19.0 820 9.7 107 9.7 338 8.2
Duration of HRT use, y <0.001 0.09
None 58,599 42.7 4,650 54.8 621 56.5 2,387 58.1
< 5 30,386 22.1 1,761 20.8 221 20.1 865 21.1
5–< 10/y 17,916 13.0 740 8.7 105 9.5 305 7.4
10–< 15 13,252 9.6 514 6.1 54 4.9 231 5.6
15+ 17,185 12.5 819 9.7 99 9.0 318 7.7
Mammogram in the last 2 years 111,173 83.5 6,601 81.5 0.30 853 81.4 3,167 80.7 0.64
Age at menopause, y <0.001 0.77
<45 28,144 21.7 2,267 29.2 285 27.6 1,088 29.3
45–54 83,614 64.6 4,340 55.8 596 57.6 2,051 55.2
>54 17,705 13.7 1,169 15.0 153 14.8 576 15.5
Age at menarche, y <0.001 0.39
<12 29,458 21.5 2,317 27.5 317 29.1 1,122 27.5
12–13 75,561 55.2 4,343 51.5 565 51.8 2,103 51.5
≥14 31,775 23.2 1,779 21.1 209 19.2 860 21.1
Age at first birth, y <0.001 0.42
Never preg/No term preg 16,070 12.9 913 12.4 124 13.1 421 11.8
<20 16,973 13.6 1,563 21.2 198 20.9 788 22.1
20–29 81,417 65.4 4,317 58.5 552 58.3 2,077 58.3
30+ 10,099 8.1 587 8.0 73 7.7 277 7.8
Waist/hip ratio, baseline, mean (SD) 0.81 (0.1) 0.87 (0.1) <0.001 0.89 (0.1) 0.88 (0.1) <0.001
1

Test of association between baseline characteristic and diabetes status (no vs. yes) adjusted for age, race/ethnicity, education, BMI and hysterectomy status.

2

Test of association between baseline characteristic and diabetes treatment (metformin vs. other medication) adjusted for age, race/ethnicity, education, BMI and hysterectomy status.

3

Episodes per week of moderate or strenuous physical activity of ≥20 minutes duration.