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DEX: Dexmedetomidine; IL-1: Interleukin-1; IL-6: Interleukin-6; TNF-α: Tumor necrosis factor-alpha; JNK: Jun N-terminal kinase; MAFbx: Muscle atrophy F-box; MuRF-1: Muscle RING-finger protein-1; iNOS: Inducible nitric oxide synthase; NO: Nitric oxide; ↓activation; ⊥inhibition.
