Table 3. Pulse wave velocity according to pregnancy variables, breastfeeding, weight and height at 2 and 4 years of age.
| Variables | N | Mean PWV m/s (sd) | Adjusted regression coefficient (95% CI) |
|---|---|---|---|
| Birthweight (g) | P = 0.98 | P = 0.26#* P = 0.94#** | |
| ≥3500 | 499 | 6.43 (1.14) | 0 (Reference) |
| 3000–3499 | 583 | 6.42 (1.10) | -0.02 (-0.15;0.11) |
| 2500–2999 | 375 | 6.43 (1.07) | -0.03 (-0.18;0.12) |
| <2500 | 119 | 6.38 (0.98) | -0.07 (-0.29;0.16) |
| Birthweight for gestational age (z-score) | P = 0.64 | P = 0.37#* P = 0.59#** | |
| < -1.28 | 177 | 6.36 (1.06) | 0 (Reference) |
| -1.28–0 | 543 | 6.45 (1.05) | 0.10 (-0.09;0.29) |
| >0 | 531 | 6.42 (1.16) | 0.08 (-0.11;0.27) |
| Breastfeeding duration (months) | P = 0.52 | P = 0.19##* P = 0.56##** | |
| <1 | 311 | 6.46 (1.12) | 0 (Reference) |
| 1–2.9 | 393 | 6.35 (1.12) | -0.11(-0.28;0.05) |
| 3–5.9 | 374 | 6.39 (1.05) | -0.07(-0.24;0.10) |
| 6–8.9 | 139 | 6.52 (0.98) | 0.06(-0.16;0.29) |
| 9–11.9 | 64 | 6.48 (1.08) | -0.01(-0.29;0.36) |
| ≥12 | 252 | 6.47 (1.17) | -0.01(-0.19;0.18) |
| Weight for age (z-score) age of 2 | P = 0.13 | P = 0.14#* P = 0.07#** | |
| <-1 | 216 | 6.43 (1.04) | 0 (Reference) |
| -1–0.99 | 955 | 6.40 (1.12) | -0.02(-0.19;0.15) |
| ≥1 | 288 | 6.54 (1.08) | 0.15(-0.05;0.35) |
| Weight for age (z-score) age of 4 | P = 0.001 | P = 0.005#* P = 0.001#** | |
| <-1 | 241 | 6.40 (1.05) | 0 (Reference) |
| -1–0.99 | 958 | 6.38 (1.07) | -0.003(-0.16;0.16) |
| ≥1 | 227 | 6.67 (1.26) | 0.31(0.11;0.52) |
| Length for age (z-score) age of 2 | P = 0.09 | P = 0.10#* P = 0.04#** | |
| <-1 | 565 | 6.42 (1.05) | 0 (Reference) |
| -1–0.99 | 786 | 6.41 (1.14) | 0.03(-0.09;0.16) |
| ≥1 | 108 | 6.65 (0.99) | 0.29(0.06;0.53) |
| Length for age (z-score) age of 4 | P = 0.006 | P = 0.05#* P = 0.003#** | |
| <-1 | 539 | 6.39 (1.03) | 0 (Reference) |
| -1–0.99 | 795 | 6.42 (1.14) | 0.04(-0.08;0.16) |
| ≥1 | 89 | 6.78 (1.08) | 0.43(0.18;0.68) |
| Conditional height (age of 2) | P = 0.47 | P = 0.56#* P = 0.25#** | |
| <0 | 535 | 6.41(1.11) | 0 (Reference) |
| 0.0001–1 | 358 | 6.43(1.08) | 0.03(-0.12;0.19) |
| > 1 | 177 | 6.52(1.15) | 0.16(-0.04;0.35) |
| Conditional height (age of 4) | P = 0.19 | P = 0.13#* P = 0.22#** | |
| <0 | 550 | 6.43(1.11) | 0 (Reference) |
| 0.0001–1 | 347 | 6.38(1.05) | -0.07(-0.22;0.08) |
| > 1 | 173 | 6.56(1.19) | 0.11(-0.08;0.30) |
| Conditional weight (age of 2) | P = 0.03 | P = 0.19#* P = 0.02#** | |
| <0 | 561 | 6.44(1.12) | 0 (Reference) |
| 0.0001–1 | 335 | 6.33(0.99) | -0.12(-0.27;0.04) |
| > 1 | 174 | 6.61(1.25) | 0.16(-0.03;0.35) |
| Conditional weight (age of 4) | P = 0.03 | P = 0.02#* P = 0.01#** | |
| <0 | 567 | 6.37(1.12) | 0 (Reference |
| 0.0001–1 | 353 | 6.44(1.04) | 0.06(-0.09;0.21) |
| > 1 | 150 | 6.65(1.21) | 0.27(0.07;0.47) |
#Adjustment for sex, skin colour, education, family income and smoking during pregnancy.
## Adjustment for sex, skin colour, education, family income, smoking during pregnancy and birth weight.
* P-value based on continuous variables.
** P-value based on categorical variables.