Table 1. Characteristics of diabetic patients and non-diabetic people by category of insulin resistance.
| Characteristic | Type-2 diabetic Lu He patients | Non-diabetic FLEMENGHO participants | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Category of insulin resistance | Category of insulin resistance | |||||
| Limits | <0.81 | 0.81–1.42 | >1.42 | <0.49 | 0.49–0.81 | >0.81 |
| N° in category (%) | 265 | 267 | 266 | 352 | 355 | 353 |
| Women | 151 (57.0%) | 147 (55.1%) | 128 (48.1%) | 194 (55.1%) | 176 (49.6%) | 166 (47.0%) |
| Hypertension | 122 (46.0%) | 144 (53.9%) | 162 (60.9%) | 90 (25.6%) | 106 (30.0%) | 135 (38.2%)* |
| Dyslipidaemia | 179 (67.5%) | 204 (76.4%)* | 222 (83.5%)* | 222 (63.1%) | 243 (68.5%) | 282 (79.9%)ǂ |
| Previous cardiovascular disease | 45 (17.0%) | 49 (18.4%) | 68 (25.6%)* | 25 (7.1%) | 34 (9.6%) | 34 (9.6%) |
| eGFR < 60 mL/min/1.73 m2 | 17 (6.4%) | 18 (6.7%) | 42 (15.8%)ǂ | 37 (10.5%) | 60 (16.9%)* | 63 (17.9%) |
| Mean (SD) | ||||||
| Age (years) | 61.2 (12.9) | 61.1 (11.9) | 59.4 (13.) | 49.6 (14.5) | 51.54 (15.6) | 52.3 (16.6) |
| Body mass index (kg/m2) | 23.9 (3.3) | 25.9 (3.3)§ | 26.9 (3.7)ɫ | 23.9 (3.0) | 26.0 (3.6)§ | 28.8 (4.2)§ |
| Systolic pressure (mm Hg) | 134.2 (22.7) | 134.4 (17.9) | 136.0 (21.3) | 127.5 (16.6) | 130.1 (17.6)* | 133.0 (16.5)* |
| Diastolic pressure (mm Hg) | 78.8 (11.6) | 80.4 (10.7) | 82.1 (10.9)* | 79.5 (9.4) | 80.5 (9.3) | 82.5 (9.6)ɫ |
| Heart rate (beats per minute) | 79.2 (10.3) | 78.3 (12.1) | 79.1 (11.0) | 61.5 (8.6) | 63.0 (8.9)* | 65.6 (9.9)ǂ |
| Plasma glucose (mmol/L) | 7.6 (2.7) | 8.3 (3.0)ɫ | 9.2 (3.4)ɫ | 4.6 (0.4) | 4.7 (0.4)ǂ | 4.9 (0.6)ǂ |
| eGFR (mL/min/1.73 m2) | 100.1 (22.3) | 98.5(25.3) | 93.1 (29.4)* | 88.9 (21.1) | 86.1 (24.7) | 83.3 (24.6)* |
| Total cholesterol (mmol/L) | 4.76 (1.06) | 4.61 (1.04) | 4.78 (1.14) | 5.10 (0.90) | 5.03 (0.91) | 5.16 (0.98) |
| HDL cholesterol (mmol/L) | 1.17 (0.28) | 1.07 (0.26)§ | 0.99 (0.27)ǂ | 1.62 (0.39) | 1.46 (0.36)§ | 1.35 (0.35)§ |
| LDL cholesterol (mmol/L) | 2.98 (0.93) | 2.84 (0.88) | 2.96 (0.97) | 2.92 (0.76) | 2.87 (0.80) | 2.87 (0.85) |
| Triglycerides (mmol/L) | 1.33 (0.78) | 1.71 (1.03)§ | 2.19 (1.38)§ | 1.25 (0.52) | 1.55 (0.77)§ | 2.06 (1.05)§ |
| White blood cell count (× 109/L) | 6.4 (1.6) | 6.7 (1.7)* | 6.9 (1.7) | 6.3 (1.6) | 6.3 (1.6) | 6.5 (1.7)* |
| Neutrophils (%) | 60.4 (10.1) | 59.5 (10.1) | 60.6 (9.4) | 56.9 (7.7) | 58.2 (7.9)* | 58.1 (8.4) |
| Geometric mean (IQR) | ||||||
| C-peptide (nmol/L) | 0.19 (0.16–0.28) | 0.42 (0.36–0.50)§ | 0.79 (0.61–0.96)§ | … | … | … |
| Insulin (pmol/L) | … | … | … | 18.3 (14.4–21.5) | 33.7 (28.7–37.3)§ | 66.2 (50.9–78.2)§ |
Abbreviations: eGFR, estimated glomerular filtration rate derived from serum creatinine by Chronic Kidney Disease Epidemiology Collaboration (CKD-EPI) equation; HDL, high-density lipoprotein; LDL, low-density lipoprotein; IQR interquartile range. Insulin resistance was computed by Homeostasis Model Assessment algorithm (http://www. dtu.ox.ac.uk/HOMAcalculator/) using C-peptide in diabetic patients and insulin in non-diabetic people. Hypertension was a blood pressure of ≥140 mm Hg systolic or ≥90 mm Hg diastolic or use of antihypertensive drugs. Dyslipidaemia included total cholesterol >4.9 mmol/L, LDL-cholesterol >3 mmol/L, or triglycerides >1.7 mmol/L or HDL-cholesterol <1.2 mmol/L in women and <1 mmol/L in men. Significance of the difference with the adjacent lower third
* p≤0.05
ɫ p≤0.01
ǂ p≤0.001
§ p≤0.0001
An ellipsis indicates variable not measured.