Table 1.
Demographic and baseline clinical characteristics.
| Healthy controls | Patients with CAD | Patients with CAD and T2DM | |
|---|---|---|---|
| n | 50 | 207 | 78 |
| Age (y) | 37.4 ± 1.4 | 58.3 ± 0.6 | 58.4 ± 1.1 |
| Gender (male, %) | 31 (62%) | 124 (59.9%) | 54 (69.2%) |
| Hypertension, n (%) | 0 (0) | 114 (55.1%) | 44 (56.4%) |
| Hyperlipidemia, n (%) | 0 (0) | 120 (58.0%) | 58 (66.7%) |
| Smoking, n (%) | 0 (0) | 122 (58.9%) | 47 (60.2%) |
| BMI (kg/m2) | 24.0 ± 0.4∗ | 24.1 ± 0.2# | 25.2 ± 0.3 |
| CG-GFR (mL/min) | 92.1 ± 0.9∗ | 88.1 ± 0.7 | 85.4 ± 1.3 |
| SBP (mmHg) | 128.4 ± 1.8∗ | 131.3 ± 1.1∗ | 136.2 ± 2.3 |
| DBP (mmHg) | 73.5 ± 1.3 | 74.6 ± 0.7 | 74.8 ± 1.2 |
| Heart rate (beats/min) | 73.6 ± 1.3∗ | 74.4 ± 0.8∗ | 77.5 ± 1.4 |
| LVEF (%) | 63.2 ± 0.9# | 61.8 ± 0.5# | 58.8 ± 0.9 |
| Fasting blood glucose (mmol/L) | 5.3 ± 0.3# | 5.5 ± 0.4# | 7.2 ± 0.3 |
| HbA1C (%) | 5.2 ± 0.3∗ | 5.4 ± 0.2∗ | 6.9 ± 0.4 |
| Duration of diabetes (years) | 0 | 0 | 3.4 ± 1.1 |
| Drug therapy | |||
| Antiplatelet drugs, n (%) | 0 (0) | 133 (64.3%) | 51 (65.4%) |
| Beta-blocker, n (%) | 0 (0) | 78 (37.7%) | 30 (38.5%) |
| ACEI/ARB, n (%) | 0 (0) | 94 (45.4%) | 36 (46.2%) |
| Statins, n (%) | 0 (0) | 127 (61.4%) | 42 (53.8%) |
| Diuretics, n (%) | 0 (0) | 26 (12.6%) | 9 (11.5%) |
| CCB, n (%) | 0 (0) | 103 (49.8%) | 38 (48.7%) |
| Insulin, n (%) | 0 (0) | 0 (0)# | 17 (21.8%) |
BMI: body mass index; CG-GFR: Cockcroft-Gault glomerular filtration rate; SBP: systolic blood pressure; DBP: diastolic blood pressure; LVEF: left ventricular ejection fraction; HbA1C: glycosylated hemoglobin; IL-2: interleukin-2; hs-CRP: high-sensitivity C-reactive protein; TNF-α: tumor necrosis factor-α; MCP-1: monocyte chemotactic protein-1; ACEI: angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitor; ARB: angiotensin II receptor blocker; CCB: calcium channel blocker. ∗ p < 0.05 versus CAD patients with diabetes; # p < 0.01 versus CAD patients with diabetes.