FIGURE 3.

The proposed mechanism of trans-generational tolerance to the high-temperature stress during grain filling in the progeny of primed plants. The transcriptome physiological analysis suggested that the induced heritable thermo-tolerance by priming the parent generation could activate the processes of epigenetic processes and signaling transduction pathways, which further triggered the modifications of stress defense related processes of defense, transcription, energy, and protein destination and storage in the progeny of primed plants under the reoccurring high-temperature stress. At the proteome level, protein abundance of photosynthesis and energy, and PDI were also up-regulated in the progeny of primed plants compared to non-primed plants in responding to the high-temperature stress, which led to the better maintenance of leaf photosynthesis and activities of photosynthesis and anti-oxidation enzymes, lowered cell membrane damage level and improved heat stress tolerance in progeny of primed plants (italic red means down-regulated, italic black means up-regulated). ALDH, aldehyde dehydrogenase; AOC, allene oxide cyclase; APX: ascorbate POD; ATTB, aldolase-type TIM barrel family protein; bZIP, basic-leucine zipper transcription factor family protein; CAL, concanavalin A-like lectin protein kinase family protein; CBF, calcium-binding EF hand family protein; CBP, Ca²⁺-binding protein; CCA, circadian clock associated 1; CK, casein kinase 1-like; CSR, calcium sensing receptor; DOX, alpha dioxygenase; EF-G, translation elongation factor EFG/EF2 protein; EF-Tu, elongation factor Tu family protein; eIF-5A, eukaryotic elongation factor 5A-3; GPX, glutathione POD; GST, glutathione S-transferase family protein; HK, histidine kinase; JAZ, jasmonate-zim-domain protein 1; LOX, lipoxygenase; LPK, lectin protein kinase family protein; LRRPK, leucine-rich receptor-like protein kinase family protein; LSD, lysine-specific histone demethylase 1; MBFC, multiprotein bridging factor 1C; NDL, N-MYC downregulated-like 1; PDI, pyridine nucleotide-disulphide oxidoreductase family protein; PK, protein kinase superfamily protein; PRK, phosphoribulokinase; RA, rubisco activase; RL, ribosomal protein L6 family; RPK, receptor like protein kinase.